GEOG - Unit 1
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Transcript GEOG - Unit 1
Physical Geography
Looking at the Earth
Geography involves the
study of places: their
locations, their
characteristics, and how
humans use and move
around them.
Satellite image of Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
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Physical Geography
Looking at the Earth
SECTION 1
The Five Themes of Geography
SECTION 2
The Geographer’s Tools
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Section 1
The Five Themes of
Geography
• Geographers view the world in terms of the
use of space.
• Geographers study the world by looking at
location, place, region, movement, and
human-environment interaction.
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The Five Themes of
Geography
The Geographer’s Perspective
Geographers and Historians
• Historians look at events over time
• Geographers look at:
- use of space on Earth
- interactions that take place there
- patterns and connections between people and
land
• Geography is the study of the distribution and
interaction of Earth’s physical and human features
Continued . . .
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SECTION
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continued The
Geographer’s Perspective
Methods of Geography
• Geographers use a variety of tools:
- maps
- photographs
- charts, graphs, tables
- scale models
- five themes of geography
Image
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Theme: Location
Where is it?
• Absolute location—exact place where a
geographic feature is found
- Example: Atlanta is located at 32*N, 48*W
• Relative location—location of a place compared to
places around it
- Example: Atlanta is 540 miles north of Panama
City Beach
Continued . . .
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Section 2
The Geographer’s Tools
• Geographers use two- and three-dimensional
tools to learn about the earth.
• Geographers use computer-assisted
technology to study the use of the earth’s
surface.
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continued Theme:
Location
Latitude Lines
• Geographers use latitude lines to locate places
north and south
• Latitude — imaginary lines that run parallel to the
equator
• Tropic of Cancer – 23.5* N, represents the
furthest point the northern hemisphere tilts
towards the sun
• Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5* S, southern version
Map
Map
Longitude Lines
• Geographers use longitude lines to mark positions
east and west
• Longitude — imaginary lines that go over the poles
• Where latitude and longitude lines cross is the
absolute location
Continued . . .
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continued Theme:
Location
Absolute Location
• Earth is divided into two equal halves, vertically and
horizontally
• Each vertical and horizontal half is called a
hemisphere
• An imaginary line, the Equator, divides north and
south halves
• Another imaginary line, the Prime Meridian,
divides east and west
Map
Continued . . .
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Time Zones
There are 24 time zones in the world.
You enter into a new time zone every 15* Longitude.
As you move West, you “lose” an hour every new time
zone.
This is true until you reach the international dateline, at
which point you actually gain 24 hours
The idea behind this is to make it Noon when the sun
is at its peak no matter where you are in the world.
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Important Lines of the World
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continued Maps
and Globes
Two or Three Dimensions
• Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a
sphere) of Earth
• Map projection—way of showing Earth’s 3-D
surface on a 2-D surface
Interactive
Continued . . .
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Theme: Place
What is it Like?
• Place includes physical features and cultural
characteristics:
- physical features include climate, landforms,
vegetation
- cultural characteristics include dams, highways,
houses
Image
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Theme: Region
How are Places Similar or Different?
• A region is an area united by similar characteristics
• Unifying characteristics—physical, political,
economic, cultural
• Three types of regions:
- formal
- functional
- perceptual
Continued . . .
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continued Theme:
Region
Formal Regions
• have a limited number of related characteristics
(has official boundaries)
• Formal regions of the world:
- Continents
- States
- Countries
- Cities
Continued . . .
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continued Theme:
Region
Functional Regions
• Organized around interactions and connections
between places
• Example: a city and its suburbs (metropolitan area)
are connected through human movement
Perceptual Regions
• Region with characteristics people perceive in
much the same way
• Example: “the South”
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Theme: Human-Environment Interaction
How Do People Relate to the Physical World?
• A relationship exists between people and their
environment
• People use and change the environment to meet
their needs
• People adapt to environmental conditions they
cannot change
• Often, people in similar environments adapt in
different ways
• Examples include building roads, bridges, or dams
Image
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Theme: Movement
How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from
One Place to Another?
Image
• Geographers use three types of distance to analyze
movement:
- linear distance
- time distance
- psychological distance
Linear Distance and Time Distance
• Linear distance—how far a person, product, or idea
travels
• Time distance—how long it takes for person,
product, idea to travel
Continued . . .
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continued Theme:
Movement
Psychological Distance
• Refers to the way people perceive distance
• Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away
than familiar ones
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