Transcript World Geography

Chapter 12 , Section
World Geography
Chapter 12
Brazil
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12 , Section
World Geography
Chapter 12: Brazil
Section 1: The Land and Its Regions
Section 2: Brazil's Quest for Economic
Growth
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12 , Section 1
The Land and Its Regions
• What environmental and economic
challenges exist in the northeast?
• How has urbanization affected the
southeast region?
• Why has the government encouraged
urban growth and economic development
in the Brazilian Highlands?
• What are the main characteristics of the
Amazon River basin ecosystem?
Chapter 12 , Section 1
Northeast Region
• Sugar plantations on the coastal plain
have made Brazil the world’s largest
exporter of sugar.
• The sertão, or interior plateau, has
hard soils and bakes through year-long
droughts.
• Life expectancy is short because of
low incomes and poor nutrition.
Chapter 12 , Section 1
Southeast Region
• Rural Brazilians
migrate to cities
looking for a better life.
• Many find no jobs or
low-paying jobs, and
most end up in slum
communities called
favelas.
• Some favelas are being
torn down and replaced
with affordable public
housing.
Chapter 12 , Section 1
Brazilian Highlands
• The national government hoped to boost
development of the interior region.
• The Brazilian government also hoped to
draw people away from the crowded
coastal cities.
• The new capital of Brasília, located 600
miles inland, was officially “inaugurated”
in 1960.
Chapter 12 , Section 1
Amazon River Region
The Amazon River basin is the largest and
least explored region in Brazil.
The Amazon River
basin spreads across
more than half of
Brazil.
The region receives
heavy rainfall: more
than 80 inches (200
cm) per year.
Temperatures are
constant at 80º F (27º
C) or higher.
The rain forest is
home to a wide
variety of plants and
animals.
Chapter 12 , Section 1
Section 1 Review
The sertão is
a) a river valley.
b) a mineral-rich mountain range.
c) an interior plateau with poor soil.
d) a coastal area in the south.
What are favelas?
a) villages in the sertão
b) wealthy neighborhoods in the large cities
c) large commercial farms
d) slum communities in the large cities
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Chapter 12 , Section 1
Section 1 Review
The sertão is
a) a river valley.
b) a mineral-rich mountain range.
c) an interior plateau with poor soil.
d) a coastal area in the south.
What are favelas?
a) villages in the sertão
b) wealthy neighborhoods in the large cities
c) large commercial farms
d) slum communities in the large cities
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Chapter 12 , Section
Guided Reading Answers Section 1
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1. settled in the 1500’s by Portugese, who built sugar
plantations and brought enslaved Africans
2. tropical wet and dry, often has a year or more of
drought
3. because of severe poverty, life expectancy and yearly
incomes low
4. 17 percent
5. 40 percent
6. mostly humid subtropical climate and fertile soil
7. cotton, sugar cane, rice, cacao, and coffee
8. Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo
9. economically healthy but full of favelas
10. north of the southeast region, on the central plateau
11. built to boost development of the interior and
became the capital in 1960
12. more than 50 percent 13. about 10 percent
14. a steep cliff that separates two level areas
15. interior plateau of northeastern Brazil
16. a poor community in a Brazilian city
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Brazil’s Quest for Economic Growth
• What economic challenges are faced by
the urban and rural poor?
• How have Brazilian government policies
affected the economy?
• What effects has economic growth had
on the labor force in Brazil?
• How has economic development
contributed to environmental change?
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Economic Challenges
Most of Brazil’s poorest live in urban
favelas or the rural northeast.
• Many parents in
favelas cannot afford
to feed or house their
children.
• Homeless children
work in menial jobs or
beg for coins.
• Many people in rural
areas work on
plantations or become
subsistence farmers.
• The harsh conditions
of the sertão
contribute to the
poverty of farmers
living there.
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Government Policies
Economic Activities
• During the the 1940s
and 1950s, the Brazilian
government began
building steel mills, oil
refineries, and
hydroelectric dams.
• Brazil’s economy grew
tremendously in 1950s
as manufacturing
increased and Brazilians
began to move from
rural to urban areas.
Patterns of Settlement
• The government began a
program to develop the
interior, “planting”
Brasília in the Brazilian
Highlands.
• A massive road-building
project, with Brasília at
its center, connected
many areas of the
country.
• New roads and land
grants drew many
settlers to the Brazilian
Highlands and Amazon
regions.
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Economic Growth
• Brazil ranks among the world’s leading
industrial nations.
• The development of gasohol, a mixture of
gasoline and alcohol made from sugar
cane that is used as fuel, meant Brazil no
longer needed to import expensive
foreign oil.
• The majority of the work force has
moved from agriculture to manufacturing
and service industries.
• Brazil now has a growing skilled,
educated middle class.
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Environmental Changes
Challenges and Opportunities
• Settlers moving to the
Amazon region found that
only the thick vegetation
kept the soil from washing
away.
• In order to continue
farming, farmers needed to
clear more land.
New Efforts
• Deforestation
threatens the
biological diversity of
the Amazon region.
• The Brazilian
government is
working to combat
deforestation and to
promote ecotourism,
tourism that
encourages
environmental
awareness.
Chapter 12 , Section 2
Section 2 Review
How did land grants and new roads affect Brazil?
a) Settlers moved into the Highlands and Amazon regions.
b) Industry stagnated and declined.
c) More people migrated into the cities in the southeast.
d) The sertão became depopulated.
Brazil is combating deforestation by
a) removing woodlands.
b) promoting ecotourism and encouraging maintenance of
the forest.
c) expanding industry and building hydroelectric dams.
d) encouraging people to migrate to the cities.
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Chapter 12 , Section 2
Section 2 Review
How did land grants and new roads affect Brazil?
a) Settlers moved into the Highlands and Amazon regions.
b) Industry stagnated and declined.
c) More people migrated into the cities in the southeast.
d) The sertão became depopulated.
Brazil is combating deforestation by
a) removing woodlands.
b) promoting ecotourism and encouraging maintenance of
the forest.
c) expanding industry and building hydroelectric dams.
d) encouraging people to migrate to the cities.
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Chapter 12 , Section
Guided Reading Answers Section 2
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1. The large plantations are owned by only a few families.
2. Most small farmers live in the sertao, where the climate is
unfavorable and the soil is poor.
3. by building the county’s first steel mill and oil refinery
4. by building huge hydroelectric dams to produce
electricity for industry
5. by establishing a bank that lent money for starting new
businesses
6. by building Brasilia, the capital
7. by building a network of roads with Brasilia at the center
8. by giving away land and mining and prospecting permits
in the Amazon region
Chapter 12 , Section
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9. Manufacturing accounts for over one-third of GDP.
10. Gasohol is used as a fuel, eliminating the need to
import oil.
11. Over one third of the work force is employed in
manufacturing, construction, and mining.
12. Poverty in the industrial cities has increased.
13. The Amazon rain forest is gradually being
destroyed.
14. a large commercial farm
15. a mix of gasoline and ethanol
16. the permanent removal of woodland
17. tourism that encourages environmental awareness
and has little effect on the ecosystem