Transcript Maps-PPT-Unit

Do Now:
• Take a legal size sheet of paper and take your seat.
• For the next 15-20 minutes, recreate as best as you can
from memory a map of the world.
• As much as you can, your map should include:
• all continents, major bodies of water
• 5 physical features (mountains, rivers, deserts)
• 5 political features (borders, cities, countries)
• 5 economic features (trade goods, natural resources)
• 5 arrows to show movement of people
Discussion
• Which country did you draw first?
Is it
disproportionately large?
• Continents - Where does Europe and Asia begin and
end?
• Should it be Eurasia?
• Where is Turkey? Asia or Europe? Does it matter?
Should Turkey be allowed to join the EU?
• Where is Mexico - Economically it is North America Culturally it is South America
• What features did you include?
Objective
• We will apply spatial thinking by creating
mental maps of the world
• We will be able to identify the various forms
of map and map projections
• We will apply this knowledge to create a
cognitive map of our neighborhood (hw)
AP Exam Relevance
๏1st Goal of the AP
Exam in HUG is to test
students’ ability to “use
and think about maps
and spatial data.”
“A Map is the Greatest of
All Epic Poems. Its lines
and colors show the
realization of Great
Dreams.”
--Gilbert H. Grosvenor
National Geographic Editor (1903-1954)
Huh? What’s This?
How is this
an example of
spatial thinking?
Why Maps?
• Maps—graphic representations of all or part of the Earth's
surface drawn to scale—are the most important tool of
geographers. Maps and geography are practically
synonymous, and mapmaking (cartography) is as old as
geography itself. The spatial perspective is geography's
unifying bond and there is no better way to demonstrate
insights gained through spatial analysis than through the use
of maps. Maps are our "window on the world."
• Maps are used to portray the distinctive character of places;
their relationship to environmental issues; the movements of
people, goods, and ideas; and regions of various types.
Maps are used to wage war, make political propaganda,
solve medical problems, locate shopping centers, bring relief
to refugees, warn of natural hazards—in short, for countless
purposes.
Perceptions Based
on Maps
• All Maps attempt to show a three
dimensional object as a two-dimensional one
• Therefore, all maps distort the Earth in some
fashion; none are a perfect replica of the
globe itself
Activity
• Take an ordinary piece of notebook paper
• Try to manipulate it to form a sphere
• None of the paper should overlap or fold too
much so as to hide any of the papers surface
Activity Discussion
• Were you successful?
• Why or why not?
• How might this apply to the concept of maps
of the world?
Can you tell the
Difference?
What are these?
Map Projections
• When you attempt to portray the spherical
globe in 2-Dimensions on one sheet of paper
• What are some of the challenges when trying
to do so? Think about the paper activity....
•
Map Projections – The Ideal
Conformality is the characteristic ofHas:
true shape, wherein a projection preserves the
shape of any small geographical area. This is accomplished by exact transformation
of angles around points. One necessary condition is the perpendicular intersection of
grid lines as on the globe. The property of conformality is important in maps which are
used for analyzing, guiding, or recording motion, as in navigation.
• Equivalence is the characteristic of equal area. Preservation of equivalence involves
an inexact transformation of angles around points and thus, is mutually exclusive with
conformality except along one or two selected lines. The property of equivalence is
important in maps which are used for comparing density and distribution data, as in
populations.
• Equidistance is the characteristic of true distance measuring. The scale of distance is
constant over the entire map. This property can be fulfilled on any given map from
one, or at most two, points in any direction or along certain lines. Equidistance is
important in maps which are used for analyzing velocity, e.g. ocean currents.
Typically, reference lines such as the equator or a meridian are chosen to have
equidistance and are termed standard parallels or standard meridians.
• True direction is characterized by a direction line between two points which crosses
reference lines, e.g. meridians, at a constant angle or azimuth. These are termed
rhumb lines and this property makes it comparatively easy to chart a navigational
course. However, on a spherical surface, the shortest surface distance between two
points is a great circle along which azimuths constantly change. Thus, a more
desirable property may be where certain great circles are represented by straight
lines. This characteristic is most important in aviation. Note that all meridians are
great circles, but the only parallel that is a great circle is the equator.
Three Types of
Projections
• Planar - Project the Earth onto a plane that touches—or, technically, is tangent to—the globe at
a single point, and you get a planar projection. Because this projection, also known as an
azimuthal projection, is most accurate at its center, it is often used for maps focusing on one of
the Poles.
• Conic - Cap the globe with a cone to achieve a conic projection. Cut open the cone, and the
basis of a map emerges. The map will be least distorted along the line where the cone touches
the sphere. Conic projections are handy for portraying the United States, which fits nicely within
the resulting smile-shaped map.
• Cylindrical - Swaddle the globe and project its surface onto a cylinder. Slit the cylinder and
flatten it into a map. This projection is most accurate near the Equator and greatly distorted near
the Poles. The most famous cylindrical map is the Mercator projection, perfect for navigation but
poor for teaching geography. Peters is also cylindrical.
Planar Projection
Conic
Cylindrical Projection
Mercator
Mercator
• cylindrical
• designed for European sailors - useful for
finding directions/charting sailing course
• severely distorts the size of the extreme
north and south countries
• example: Greenland and Africa
Robinson
Robinson
• Robinson projection is a compromise which
attempts to preserve enough of area, shape,
distance, and direction so that the earth looks
right - but actually preserves none of them.
Winkel Tripel Projection
Winkel Tripel Projection
• In 1998 replaced the Robinson as the official
map of the National Geographic Society
• It is claimed to be the best overall wholeearth map projection known, producing very
small distance errors, small combinations of
ellipticity and area errors, and the smallest
skewness of any map.
Peters Projection
Peters Projection
Peters
• The Peters Projection is known as the equalarea cylindric or cylindric equal-area
projection
• Changes also include moving the Bering
Strait
• Projection was largely associated with
disparaging the Mercator projection as
biased towards 3rd world countries, and
promoted itself as a more appropriate map
West Wing Video clip
• Upon what basis are they suggesting a
different projection?
• For map accuracy and for social equality...
• Is this a valid argument to make? Why or
why not?
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
What about it? Why not?
Bottom Line
• All map projections have benefits and
drawbacks, you (geographers) will use
different projections to convey different
information.
Latitude and Longitude
• Most maps sport a grid, or graticule, of imaginary lines.
Running north-south and converging at the Poles, meridians
of longitude measure distance from the prime meridian
(running through Greenwich, England). Parallels of latitude
girdle the globe from east to west. The largest parallel, the
Equator, is the belt around the planet’s waist. The grid may
look like nonsensical swirls on some projections, but the
coordinates remain the same.
Map Scales
• Large scale means a more detailed
map
• The smaller the right hand number
the larger the scale of the map
• 1:75000 is a more detailed map
then
• 1:600000 which is a small scale
map
Which is the larger
scale?
Reference maps
•General- Purpose maps with
a variety of common features
like cities, boundaries,
mountains, or roads are
known as reference maps
Thematic maps
• A map that demonstrates a particular feature
or a single variable. Four types of thematic
map are
• Dot maps
• Choropleth maps
• Proportional symbol maps
• Isoline maps
Dot Maps – A thematic map in which a dot is used
to represent some frequency of the mapped
variable.
A simple dot map of commercial wireless antennas
in the USA.
U.K. Conservation sites
Choropleth Maps
• A thematic map in which ranked
classes of some variable are
depicted with shading patterns or
colors for predefined zones
• Themes could include economic
factors, population factors,
political factors etc.
44
Population Density
Population Density pt.
2
Pop vs Soda vs Coke
Swine Flu Map
• Great Example of a Proportional Symbol Map
• http://flutracker.rhizalabs.com/
Isoline Maps
Maps
• Maps are notMental
always printed.
Everyone has a mental
map—a map in their mind—that has developed over
years of looking at wall maps, atlas maps, and maps
in books, magazines, and newspapers. People’s
perception of places and regions is influenced by
their individual mental maps as well as printed
maps. Since one's perception of different places is a
combination of general information, personal
experiences, and what is called "hearsay" in the
legal profession, that perception is not always
accurate.
• They are also known as Cognitive Maps
• What you drew today was a Cognitive Map of the
world.
One Mental Map of How
America Sees the World
Cartogram
• Map in which a theme is substituted for land
area mass
• Themes could include GDP, Population,
political influence
Population Cartogram
World Gross Domestic
Product
GDP Cartogram
The World At Night