Transcript Document 776467

Ecosystems and Communities
Climate
• Weather is the condition of the atmosphere
at that time for a particular area. Unequal
heating of our atmosphere
• Climate is the yearly average atmospheric
condition in a specific area over a long
period of time.
Greenhouse Effect
• Atmosphere is a thin shell where conditions
are presently suitable for life.
• Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon
dioxide(CO2), methane and a few other
gases.
Latitude on Climate
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Latitude
Equator
Tropics
Temperate
Polar
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Unequal heating and cooling rates drives winds
and ocean currents
• Winds
– Jet stream
– Westerlies
– Trade winds
• Ocean currents
– Gulf Stream
– Southern Oscillation
• Altitude-rain shadow
Factors in an Ecosystem
• Biotic factors are the living factors in an
ecosystem.
• Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors in
an ecosystem.
• Habitat
Niche
• Niche is what an organism does or its
occupation
Community Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiosis
– Mutualism+,+
– Commensalism+,0
– Parasitism+,-
Succession
• Ecological Succession
• Primary Succession
– Pioneer species
– Climax community
• Secondary Succession
• Natural disasters, climate change, human
activitiesM
Aquatic Succession
• Death of large organism, scavengers,
decomposers
• Nutrients that are broken down from tissues,
bones are left. Marine worms
• Skeleton is dissolved by chemosynthetic
organism and the nutrients and energy is
used by mollusks and arthropods.
Biomes
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Biome
Tolerance
Stress
Optimum
Biomes and Climate
• Microclimate
• Climate diagram, climatograph
Major Terrestrial Biomes
• Each of the terrestrial biomes is defined by
a unique set of abiotic and biotic factors
Biome
Characteristi
Climate
Soil/Seas
Tundra
Dry, very
cold
0, Dry, Very
Cold
Permafrost,
60 days
Taiga,
Boreal
Coniferous
Cold
winters,
hotsummer
0-5 degrees,
50-100cm
Spodosol
60-100 days
Temperate
Decideous
Cold hot
Trees
N12-27
S15-30
75-150cm
Mollisol
180 days
Grassland,
Steppe,
veldt,
pampas
Variable,
Sometime
drough
Grassest
Wide
Ranges
25-75cm
Mollisol
180 days
Tropical
rain forest
Warm and
Wet
25 constant
Over 150cm
Udisol
Year round
Desert
Very dry
Hot +20
Cold 10
Below 25cm
Aridisols,
depends
Other Land Areas
• Mountain Ranges
– Factors vary with elevation
• Polar Ice Caps
– North, mosses, lichens, Polar bears, seals,
insects, mites
– South, mosses, lichens, Penguins, aquatic
marine animals
Aquatic
• Aquatic ecosystems are determined by the
depth, flow, temperature and water
chemistry of the water.
Freshwater
• Flowing-River, streams, creeks, brooks
• Standing-Lakes, pond
– Plankton-free floating organisms
– Phytoplankton-unicellular plants
– Zooplankton-organism that feed off of the
phytoplankton
• Wetlands-bogs, marsh, swamps
Wetlands
• Wetland
– Bog(sphagnum)
– marsh cattails, rushes, wetlands along rivers,
– swamp flooded forest
Estuaries
• Estuaries-are areas where rivers meet the ocean.
Detritus, shallow characteristics. Valuable as
nursaries, migration stop
• Salt marsh- temperate-zone estuaries where
grasses are the dominant vegetation
• Mangrove swamps-coastal wetlands, along
tropical regions. Mangroves, seagrasses dominant
vegetation. Valuable as nursery for fish and
shellfish.
Marine Ecosystems
• Phototic Zone-light penetrates,
photosynthetic
• Aphotic Zone-below 200 m,
chemosynthetic
• Benthic Zone-covers the ocean floor
• Divisions also with distance from shore and
depth.
Intertidal Zone
• Areas where organisms are exposed to
extreme conditions, daily.
• Many different types of communities
• Zonation- prominent horizontal banding of
organisms that live in a certain area High
tide, low tide
Coastal Ocean
• Coastal Ocean from low tide mark to the
edge of the continetial shelf.
• Kelp forest temperate, shallow regions, very
productive. Usually supports a complex
food web.
Coral Reef
• Corals are small marine animals that are
found warm, shallow coastal areas.
• Corals are sack like with tenticles
• Symbiotic algae and corals, coral wastes are
nutrients for the algae, the algae supply
Carbon for the corals.
Open Ocean
• Open ocean is anywhere from continental
shelf, 500 -11,000 meters
• Low nutrients, high pressure, low
temperatures and total darkness.
Benthic Zone
• Benthic zone the ocean floor.
• Benthos-organisms that live on the bottom
of the ocean
• Depend on other organisms for food,
detritus
• Vents, nutrients
• chemosynthetic