Transcript 52-ULUDAG

WEED RISK
ASSESSMENT
EXERCISES IN
TURKEY
AHMET ULUDAĞ İLHAN ÜREMİŞ
[email protected]
2007
TOTAL AREA 78 356 000 ha
LAND AREA 76 693 000 ha
Arable land and Permanent crops
Permanent meadows and pastures
Forest area
Other land
Inland water
FAO 2009
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons
Total
Native
Endemic
90
22
7426
1450
8988
2
0
2589
300
2991
%
2.2
0.0
34.9
20.7
33.3
Alien
Cultivated
0
0
75
21
96
0
0
92
46
138
Total
90
22
7593
1771
9222
Guner et al. 2000
Irano Turanian
1181
Mediterranean
946
Euro Siberian
256
Akman, 1993
CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF TURKEY
BY AYDENIZ METHOD
http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/zirai/zirai-calismalar.aspx?subPg=h
INVASIVE PLANTS IN EPPO LIST
DETERMINED IN TURKEY
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Bidens frondasa L.
Polygonum perfoliatum L.
Sicyos angulatus L.
Solidago canadensis L.
Terzioğlu and Anşin, 2001
A chorological study on
the taxa naturalized in
the Eastern Black Sea
Region



Polygonum perfoliatum
Sicyos angulata
Ambrosia elatior
Plant Name
Family
Plant Name
Family
Sicyos angulatus
Cucurbitacea
Aster squamatus
Compositae
Brassica oleracea var acephala
Cruciferae
Conyza bonariensis
Compositae
Lepidium virginicum
Cruciferae
Conyza canadensis
Compositae
Duchesnea indica
Rosaceae
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Compositae
Albizia julibrissin
Leguminosae
Dichrocephala integrifolia
Compositae
Robinia pseudoacacia
Leguminosae
Erigeron annuus
Compositae
Ulex europaeus
Leguminosae
Galinsoga parviflora
Compositae
Acer negundo
Aceraceae
Matricaria matricarioides
Compositae
Ailanthus altissima
Simaroubaceae
Tagetes minuta
Compositae
Poncirus trifoliata
Rutaceae
Commelina communis
Commolinaceae
Hydrocotyle ramiflora
Umbelliferae
Tradescantia fluminensis
Commolinaceae
Ipomea purpurea
Convolvulaceae
Eleusine indica
Gramineae
Elsholtzia ciliata
Labiatae
Paspalum dilatatum
Gramineae
Lonicera japonica
Caprifoliaceae
Paspalum paspalodes
Gramineae
Artemisia verlotiorum
Compositae
Paspalum thunbergii
Gramineae
Aster subulatus
Compositae
Phylostachys bambusoides
Gramineae
Scoring for Weed Risk Factors (critical score = 6)
1. Aquatic plant ?
2. Other members of the genus are weeds ?
3. Propagules likely to be dispersed intentionally or
unintentionally by human activity?
4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs?
5. Parasitic?
6. Unpalatable or toxic to grazing animals?
7. Host for recognised pests and pathogens?
8. Causes allergies or otherwise toxic to humans?
9. Climbing or smothering growth habit?
10. Produces viable seed?
11. Seed persists for > 1 year?
12. Reproduction by vegetative propagation?
Y=3
Y=2
Y=2
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
Y=1
13. Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Y=1
NB Where the status of a risk factor is unknown, it should be scored as a ‘yes’
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
2
2
0
0
1
4
0
2
2
0
5
0
0
2
6
0
0
7
0
8
9
10
11
12
1
1
1
0
9
0
0
1
1
0
7
0
0
1
1
0
7
0
1
1
1
1
8
0
0
0
1
1
1
5
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
9
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
10
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
12
0
2
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
13
0
0
2
1
0
0
14
0
0
2
0
0
15
0
2
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
8
1
13
1
+
10
6
4
0
1
8
3
5
0
0
8
3
1
1
1
1
1
7
0
0
1
1
1
5
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
2
3
4
5
17
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
2
2
0
0
19
0
2
2
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
2
22
0
2
23
0
2
24
0
25
6
9
10
11
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
7
1
0
1
1
0
7
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
5
26
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
27
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
5
28
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
5
29
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
6
30
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
6
31
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
5
32
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
1
7
8
12
13
+
2
6. Unpalatable or toxic to grazing animals?
7. Host for recognised pests and pathogens?
8. Causes allergies or otherwise toxic to humans?
13. Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation, or fire?
3. Propagules likely to be dispersed intentionally or
unintentionally by human activity?
Hydrocotyle ramiflora
Umbelliferae
Artemisia verlotiorum
Compositae
Erigeron annuus
Compositae
Commelina communis
Commolinaceae
5
5
5
3
10. Produces viable seed?
11. Seed persists for > 1 year?
Poncirus trifoliata
Rutaceae
Elsholtzia ciliata
Labiatae
3
3
12. Reproduction by vegetative propagation?
Acer negundo
Aceraceae
Poncirus trifoliata
Rutaceae
Aster squamatus
Compositae
4
3
2
Sicyos angulatus
Cucurbitacea
Brassica oleracea var acephala
Cruciferae
Lepidium virginicum
Cruciferae
Duchesnea indica
Rosaceae
Robinia pseudoacacia
Leguminosae
Ulex europaeus
Leguminosae
Ailanthus altissima
Simaroubaceae
Hydrocotyle ramiflora
Umbelliferae
Ipomea purpurea
Convolvulaceae
Lonicera japonica
Caprifoliaceae
Artemisia verlotiorum
Compositae
Conyza bonariensis
Compositae
Conyza canadensis
Compositae
Erigeron annuus
Compositae
Eleusine indica
Gramineae
Paspalum dilatatum
Gramineae
Paspalum paspalodes
Gramineae
9
7
7
8
10
6
8
5
8
7
5
7
7
5
5
6
6
issg
issg
issg
issg
issg
in issg list
Tradescantia fluminensis
Commolinaceae
Albizia julibrissin
Leguminosae
5
5
aw ca ce
ew gt
nat nox sw wd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
aw agricultural
weed
ca casual allien
ce cultivation
escape
ew
environmental
weed
gt garden thug
nat naturalized
nox noxious
weed
sw sleeper weed
wd weed
29
30
31
32
Gcw, 2009
Diaspores of taxa with large ecological tolerance can be easily carried between
continents and some of these taxa become an important factor,
THREATENING THE MAINTENANCE OF PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY,
in addition to other factors, such as clear-cutting, overgrazing and dwellings.
Chorological study is an important step for conserving plant species diversity,
and it provides information about naturalized plant taxa that have migrated
from one continent to others. Presenting the floristic relationships between the
continents is important for plant geography and paleobotany. The chorological
features of 32 TAXA OF FLOWERING PLANTS BELONGING TO 14
FAMILIES, naturalized in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, were
examined and discussed. Most of these taxa come from parts of NORTH
AMERICA, CHINA AND JAPAN, all of which are areas with climatic
conditions similar to those of this region. THESE TAXA HAVE BEEN
DISPERSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY, WIND, ANIMALS AND WATER.
BECAUSE OF THE HIGH RAINFALL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR,
DIASPORES OF NATURALIZED TAXA CAN GERMINATE EASILY AND
BECOME NEW INDIVIDUALS IN THE STUDY AREA. CONSEQUENTLY,
THERE HAVE BEEN PLANT MIGRATIONS IN THE TEMPERATE
REGION OF THE WORLD, WHERE THE EASTERN BLACKSEA REGION
IS A PLANT MIGRATORY ROUTE BETWEEN EUROPE AND CAUCASIA.
Diplachne fusca, Spartina patens and
Sporobolus virginicus (Smyrna)
seemed to be promising halophytic
plants for feeding goats and sheep in
desert area by using saline water in
irrigation.
Ashour et al., 1999
ASSUMPTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION of Diplanchne fusca
 Seeds came with rice crop
imported from Italy or the USA
for consumption but used for
propagation
Seeds came via Meriç (Marissa)
River from Bulgaria
Surek, 2003
http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2005_
meetings/workshop_invasive/workshop.htm
II International Workshop
Invasive Plants in Mediterranean type
Regions of the World
2-6 August 2010, Samsun, Turkey