Transcript Demographic Transition Theory

Chapter 13
Population Growth and
Urbanization
Chapter Outline
 The
Global Context: a World View of
Population Growth and Urbanization
 Sociological Theories of Population
Growth and Urbanization
 Social Problems Related to Population
Growth and Urbanization
Chapter Outline
 Strategies
for Action: Responding to
Problems of Population Growth and
Urbanization
 Understanding
Problems of Population
Growth, Population Decline, and
Urbanization
Demands of a Growing
Population

The collapse of Interstate 35W could be blamed on the
government’s failure to provide adequate funding for
repair and maintenance of bridges. But another factor is
the increasing demands a growing population places on
our nation’s infrastructure, especially in urban areas.
World Population: History, Trends,
and Projections
 For
99% of human history population growth was
restricted by disease and food supplies.
 This
continued until the mid-18th century, when
the Industrial Revolution improved the standard
of living for much of the world.
 Improvements included better food, cleaner
drinking water, improved housing and
sanitation, and medical advances.
World Population Growth
Doubling Time
 The
time it takes for a population to double in
size from any base year.
 Doubling


times:
Several thousand years for the world population to
grow from 4 to 8 million
A few thousand years to grow from 8 to 16 million
Doubling Time

About 1,000 years to grow from 16 to 32 million

Less than 1,000 years to grow to 64 million.

The recent doubling, from 3 billion in 1960 to 6
billion in 1999, took about 40 years.

It will probably not double in size again.
World’s 7 Largest Countries
Global Population Growth Is Driven by
Developing Countries
Population Density
 The
 The
number of people per unit of land area.
population density of India is 869 people per
square mile, compared with 80 people per
square mile in the United States.
Population Density
 In
18 countries, the population density
is more 1,000 people per square mile.
 As
a comparison:
 Kern County: 69 people per sq mile
 Los Angeles: 2183 people per sq mile
 San Francisco: 15,502 people per sq
mile
Fertility Rates by Region
World
2.6
More-developed
1.7
Less-developed
2.7
Less-developed (excluding China)
3.1
Least-developed
4.6
Fertility Rate
 Average
woman.
number of children born to each
 Replacement

level fertility
The level required to maintain the population size.
Population Momentum
 Continued
population growth as a result of past
high fertility rates that have resulted in a large
number of young women who are currently
entering their childbearing years.
 Despite
the below-replacement fertility rates in
more developed regions, population in these
regions is expected to continue to grow until
about 2030 and then to begin to decline.
Fertility
 The
region of the
world with the highest
fertility rate is Africa,
where women have
an average of five
children in their
lifetime.
Current Population Trends
 Future
projections suggest that, although
the world population continues to grow, it
may never double again.


Fertility rates have dropped around the
world
A child born today may live to see
stabilization of the world’s population
Current Population Trends and
Future Projections
 According
to the United Nations, the
world’s population is growing at an
annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the
addition of 76 million people per year.
 Projections
of future population growth
suggest that world population will grow
from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.
Population Growth Rates and
Fertility Rates: 2005 and 2050
Question

There should be government intervention
in determining the maximum number of
children people can have.
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree somewhat
C. Unsure
D. Disagree somewhat
E. Strongly disagree
Population Momentum

Continued population growth as a result of
past high fertility rates that have resulted in a
large number of young women who are
currently entering their childbearing years.

Despite the below-replacement fertility rates
in more developed regions, population in
these regions is expected to continue to grow
until about 2030 and then to begin to decline.
Population Trends
1.
The total number of people on this planet
is rising and is expected to continue to
increase over the coming decades.
2.
About 40% of the world’s population lives
in countries in which couples have so few
children that the countries’ populations
are likely to decline over the coming
years.
Urbanization
 Transformation
urban one.
of a society from a rural to an
 Urban
population - Persons living in cities or
towns of 2,500 or more residents.
 Urbanized
area - One or more places and the
adjacent densely populated surrounding area
that together have a minimum population of
50,000.
 Mega-cities
more.
- Cities with 10 million residents or
Urban Skyline
Suburbanization
 As
more and more people moved to the
suburbs, urban areas surrounding central cities,
the United States underwent suburbanization.
 As
city residents left the city to live in the suburbs,
cities experienced deconcentration, the
redistribution of the population from cities to
suburbs and surrounding areas.
Question

If you could live anywhere in the United
States that you wanted to, would you
prefer a city, suburban area, small
town, or farm?
A.
B.
C.
D.
City
Suburban area
Small town
Farm
U.S. Metropolitan Growth and
Urban Sprawl
A
metropolitan area is a densely
populated core area together with
adjacent communities.
 The
largest city in each metropolitan area
is designated the central city.
U.S. Metropolitan Growth and
Urban Sprawl
 The
growth of metropolitan areas is often
referred to as urban sprawl—the ever
increasing outward growth of urban
areas.
 Urban
sprawl results in the loss of green
open spaces, the displacement and
endangerment of wildlife, traffic
congestion and noise, and pollution
liabilities.
Los Angeles Traffic
Decline in Available Cropland
Structural-Functionalist
Perspective
 Focuses
on how changes in one aspect of
the social system affect other aspects of
society.
 The
demographic transition theory of
population describes how industrialization
has affected population growth.
Structural-Functionalist
Perspective
 The
development of urban areas is
functional for societal development.
 Urbanization
is also dysfunctional,
because it leads to increased rates of
anomie as the bonds between individuals
and social groups become weak.
Demographic Transition Theory

Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little
population growth, high birth rates offset
by high death rates.

Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant
population growth, birth rates are
relatively high, death rates decline.
Demographic Transition Theory
 Stage
3: Advanced Industrialization and
Urbanization - very little population growth
occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
 Stage
4: Postindustrialization - birth rates
decline as more women are employed and
raising children becomes more costly.
Demographic Transition
Theory
Demographic Transition Theory
Preindustrial
Early
Industrial
Advanced
Industrial
Post
Industrial
Birth
Death
Pop
Demographic Transition Theory
Preindustrial
Early
Industrial
Advanced
Industrial
Post
Industrial
Birth
Death
Pop
Demographic Transition Theory
Preindustrial
Early
Industrial
Advanced
Industrial
Post
Industrial
Birth
Death
Pop
Demographic Transition Theory
Preindustrial
Early
Industrial
Advanced
Industrial
Post
Industrial
Birth
Death
Pop
Conflict Perspective
 Emphasizes
the role of power, wealth and profit
motive in development of urban areas.
 Capitalism
contributes to migration of rural
inhabitants to cities.
 Individuals
and groups with wealth and power
influence decisions that affect urban
populations.
Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective
 Focuses
on how meanings, labels, and
definitions affect population and environmental
problems.
 Women in pronatalistic societies learn that
control of fertility is socially unacceptable.
 Efforts
to redefine cities in positive terms are
reflected in campaigns sponsored by
convention and visitors bureaus.
 Distinctive
cultures and lifestyles of cities
influence their residents’ self-concepts, values
and behaviors.
Classical
Theoretical
View
 Urban living emphasizes
individuality
and
detachment from interpersonal relationships.
 Primary
social bonds weaken in favor of
superficial social bonds.
 Social
solidarity weakens leading to loneliness,
depression, stress.
Modern Theoretical View
 Cities
do not interfere with functional and
positive interpersonal relationships.
 Kinship
 City
and ethnicity help bind people together.
is a patchwork quilt of urban villages that
help individuals deal with the pressures of urban
living.
Percentage of Population
in
Urban Areas, by Year
Problems Associated with
Below-Replacement Fertility
 In
more than 1/3 of the world’s countries—
including China (1.79), Japan (1.23), and
all of Europe—fertility rates have fallen
below the 2.1 children replacement level.
 Low
fertility rates lead to an increasing
proportion of elderly members.
Problems Associated with
Below-Replacement Fertility
 Low
fertility results in fewer workers to
support the pension, social security, and
health care systems for the elderly.
 Below-replacement
fertility rates raise
concern about a country’s ability to
maintain a productive economy,
because there may not be enough future
workers to replace current workers as they
age and retire.
Environmental Problems
and Resource Scarcity
 Countries
that suffer most from shortages
of water, farmland, and food are
countries with the highest population
growth rates.
 About
1/3 of the developing world’s
population live in countries with severe
water stress.
Environmental Problems
and Resource Scarcity
 The
impact that each person makes on the
environment, their environmental footprint, is
determined by their culture’s patterns of
consumption.
 The
environmental footprint of someone in a
high-income country is about 6 times bigger
than that of someone in a low-income country.
Urban Housing Problems
 Slums
are concentrated areas of poor housing
and squalor in heavily populated urban areas.
 In
the U.S., slums that are occupied primarily by
African Americans are known as ghettos, and
those occupied primarily by Latinos are called
barrios.
 Nearly
one in three city dwellers worldwide live in
slums characterized by overcrowding, little
employment, and poor water, sanitation, and
health care services.
Global Insecurity
 Rapid
population growth is a contributing factor
to global insecurity, including civil unrest, war,
and terrorism.
 Developing
countries are characterized by a
youth bulge—a high proportion of 15- to 29-yearolds relative to the adult population.
 The
combination of a youth bulge with other
characteristics of rapidly growing populations,
such as resource scarcity, high unemployment
rates, poverty, and rapid urbanization, sets the
stage for political unrest.
Poor Maternal, Infant, and
Child Health
 In
developing countries one in four children is
born unwanted, increasing the risk of neglect
and abuse.
 The
more children a woman has, the fewer the
parental resources (parental income and time
and maternal nutrition) and social resources
(health care and education) available to each
child.
 The
adverse health effects of high fertility on
women and children are, in themselves,
compelling reasons for providing women with
Transportation and Traffic
Problems
A
study of 85 U.S. urban areas found that in 2003
traffic congestion caused 3.7 billion hours of
traffic delay and wasted 2.3 billion gallons of
fuel.
 The
average annual delay per traveler
increased from 16 hours in 1982 to 40 hours in
1993 and 47 hours in 2003.
 Many
public roads in urban areas are afflicted
with what some call autosclerosis clogged
vehicular arteries that slow rush hour traffic to a
crawl or a stop, even when there are no
accidents or construction crews ahead.
Governments’ Views on
Population Growth Rate
Reasons for not Walking
More
Proposals to Create more
Walkable Communities
Regionalism
 Collaboration
among central cities and
suburbs that encourages local
governments to share common
responsibilities for common problems.
Strategies for Reducing Urban
Growth in Developing
Countries
1.
Promoting agricultural development in rural
areas.
2.
Providing incentives to industries and businesses
to relocate from urban to rural areas.
Strategies for Reducing Urban
Growth in Developing
Countries
3.
Providing incentives to encourage new
businesses in rural areas.
4.
Developing the infrastructure of rural areas,
including transportation systems, clean water
supplies, sanitary waste disposal systems, and
social services.
Annual Expenditures on Luxury Items
Product
Annual Expenditure
Makeup
$18 billion
Pet food in Europe and the
United States
$17 billion
Perfume
$15 billion
Ocean cruises
$14 billion
Ice cream in Europe
$11 billion
Funding Needed For Basic Needs
Social or Economic Goal
Additional Annual
Investment Needed to
Achieve Goal
Reproductive health care for all
women
$12 billion
Elimination of hunger and
malnutrition
$19 billion
Universal literacy
$5 billion
Clean drinking water for all
$10 billion
Immunizing every child
$1.3 billion
Chapter 15- Urbanization
Do Activity Sheet 15-1 & 15-2
 You can do Text “Activities” if you wish?
 Do:
-Figure 15-1
-Figure 15-3
-Figure 15-4
-Figure 15-5
-Figure 15-7
-Figure 15-9
-Figure 15-10
-Figure 15-11
-Figure 15-15
-Figure 15-18
-Figure 15-19
-Figure 15-20
-Figure 15-21
-Figure 15-22
