Transcript 2 b Map Skills PP KEY

Geographic Toolbox
Types of Geography
– Physical Geography:
• regards the natural
environment, such as…
– Human Geography:
• regards the environment as
it pertains to human
uses such as…
WHAT ALL MAPS NEED
1) Title
5) A border
– The title should answer the
questions:
What? Where?
2) Legend
When?
– Water/City/Road/Mountains.
Use a ruler to make a nice big
box. Make smaller boxes for
the symbols.
3) Scale
– Explains how small the map is
compared to the real world eg.
1cm represents 20 km
4) North Arrow
– You may simply put an arrow
with NORTH, or the full
compass rose
– Provide an outline border for
each map. Use a ruler to
place a box around the map,
or be as decorative as you
want!!!
6) Always shade the water
BLUE
– You do NOT always have to
color the land. In fact in some
cases maps look better
without too much coloring on
them!!!
7) YOUR NAME!!!
– Always in the top right hand
corner, just like all your other
assignments.
****Map Making WS
Map Projections
Small Scale maps
• Show a small amount of detail of
a large area
• Used for political maps, physical maps,
world maps…
– Examine figure 3.11 (page 60)
– Examine figure 11.9 (page 195)
Map Projections
• Small Scale examples…
Map Projections
Large Scale maps
• Show a great amount of detail about a
small area
• Used for residential planning, hiking maps…
– Examine Figure 5 (page 6)
Types of Projections
• ALL map projects are distorted views of the earth’s
surface!!!
*A globe is the only accurate method to represent
the earth because it is a sphere just like the earth
• The Mercator Projection is one particular map which is
very distorted
– To make a flat map from a round globe, cartographers
‘unwrapped’ the globe and stretched the northern (and southern)
regions to make them flat
– All lines of latitude and longitude are seen as straight lines
– Created by the British as accurate naval navigation charts
Types of Projections
Mercator cont.
• The problem is that any northern nation
then looks stretched and larger than it
really is
– i.e. Canada, Greenland, Europe look BIG,
while Africa, South America and other
equatorial regions look smaller
Types of Projections
• The Winkel Tripel (1998) projection
attempts to correct the distortions seen on
maps
– Curved lines of latitude and longitude show
less distortion in the size of the northern
regions
– Gives us a less ethnocentric view of the
world
An odd map???
Types of Maps
General Purpose Maps
• Provide many different types of information on
one map
– i.e. roads, hospitals, rivers, cities, forests…
– Examine figure 11 (page 11)
Thematic Maps
• Provide information on one specific
characteristic or topic
– I.e. elevation, vegetation, population density…
– Examine figure 16 (page 18), Figure 3.10 (page 59)
» ***Types of Maps WS
General Purpose Map
• Ottawa Road
map
Thematic Map:
Poverty Rates
Compass Points and Bearings
Compass points are used to
show general direction
• North is always identified on
any map created
• Cardinal Points: N, E, S, W
• Ordinal Points: NNE, NE,
ENE, ESE, SE…
Compass Points and Bearings
• Bearing Points are given in exact
degrees measuring angles
»
***Compass Points WS
Grid Systems
Alphanumeric Grids
• ‘Uses letters and numbers to identify
squares in a grid pattern’
• letters and numbers always refer to either
a row or column of squares
– i.e. A12, K5, Q18…
– Examine figure 11 (page 11)
» ***Alpha Numeric WS
Grid Systems
Military Grids
• Use 6 digit numbers to identify specific locations
on map grids
• Numbers are used as ‘Eastings’ and ‘Northings’
to locate items on a map
• Numbers refer to the grid lines that appear on
the map
• Always read towards the east first, then up
towards the north (RRU)
• Each grid number is also broken down into
tenths
– I.e. 834095
– ***Military Grid WS
Latitude and Longitude
• No matter where you are on the face of the
earth, your location can be identified by your
latitude and longitude coordinate (address)
• Read the vertical axis N or S (latitude) first,
then horizontal axis E or W (longitude)
second
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude lines: measure how far north or
south a place is
• The equator is the starting point for all
lines of latitude
– All latitude lines run east-west around the
globe
– Ottawa is located 45 degrees north of the
equator
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude lines: measure how far east or west a
place is
• The Prime Meridian is the starting point for all
the lines of longitude
– All longitude lines run north-south around the globe
until they meet on the reverse side at 180 degrees
– Ottawa is located 75 degrees west of the prime
meridian
• Examine figure 14 (page 16)
• Ottawa is 45°N 75°W
» ***Lat. Long WS
S
c
a
l
e
s
Distance Scales
Direct Statement Scale
• Use words to describe the relationship
between a distance on a map and a distance on
the earth’s surface
– I.e. ‘1cm to 10 km’ means every 1 cm you
measure on the map is 10 km in real life
– Examine figure 10 (page 10)
Distance Scales
Line Scale
• Uses a bar or
a line to show/
describe scale
• Easiest to use –
don’t even
need a ruler!
– Examine figure 11
(page 11)
Distance Scales
Representative Fraction Scale
• Uses numbers in a ratio to explain scale
• 1: 50 000 means 1cm on the map = 50 000 cm on the
ground
1 : 100,000 the magic #!!!
• 100,000cm in a km
– Good because… they can be used by anyone in the world, using
any unit of measure!!!
– 1 : 1000 = small scale VS. 1 : 5,000,000 = large scale
» ***Scale WS