Transcript NAIcalif

California
Geography
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State v Culture Area (NOT same)
Central Valley, Mountain, Coastal
Rich marine, valley, & mountain
Each w/dif. Resources/restrictions
Bounded by Sierras, & Plateau
Subsistence
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Generally Hunting and Gathering
Agriculture possible, but not necessary
North and central regions had much more available food
– Coast
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Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others)
Whale
Seal
Otter
Shellfish
– Inland
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Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others)
Bear
Elk
Deer
Pronghorn
Sheep
– All
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Acorn
Pine nuts
Camas
Mesquite beans (in south)
Technology
• Utilized a variety of materials
– Tule reeds
– Grasses
– Wood and bark
– Bone
– Shell
– Stone, ground and flaked
– Skins
Technology
• Types of technology varied depending on
materials in a particular environment and
specific needs of the local population
– Canoes
• Dugout (northern coastal,
some valley)
• Plank (southern coastal)
• Tule reed (valley)
– Housing
– Food Acquisition/Processing
Social Organization
• Sedentary in north and central region, more mobile in south
• Riverine or coastal settlement pattern in north, seasonal in
south
• Kroeber and the “Tribelet”
– Predicted +/- 500 tribelets of +/- 500 persons in each (WAY
underestimated)
– Bean notes 12 just among the Cahuilla, with 50 distinct lineages
throughout!
– Hereditary (male) headman of wealth and prestige
– Central village and satellites
– Not bands as one might expect
– Requires aid of shaman to “rule” (males in south, any in north)
– Could be deposed
– Tribelet is autonomous
Social Organization
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Lineages traced back 3-5 generations
Bridewealth common in north
North tends to matrilineal, patrilineal in south
Southern folks had loosely organized clans
Tribelets seemed to be generally peaceful
with nearby, linguistically similar neighbors
Beliefs
• Animatism & animism
• Individual shamans have
power, male or female,
through visions & demos
• Elaborate rituals (Kuksu
the Healer, White
Deerskin and Jumping
Dances, Toloache, First
Salmon Rites)
Languages
Penutian
Hokan
Uto-Aztecan
Issue:
Penutian
Invasion?
Additional Issues
Additional Issues
• Trade for Salt, Stone, Shells
• Mission Period (1769-1821)
– Assimilation
– Conversion
– Resource Acquisition