Transcript Chapter 2 Population

Chapter 2 Population
1.
2.
3.
4.
Key Issues
Where is the worlds population distributed?
Where has the worlds population increased
Why is population increasing at different rates in
different countries?
Why might the world face an over population
problem?
• Read the intro
• The study of population is important for three
reasons
– 1. There is more people alive today then any other
time in history
– 2. The population rate has increased more then any
other time
– 3. Almost all population growth can be found in LDC
• The study of population characteristics- demography
• Geographers need to look at where, why and the scale of
population in different regions, Why could this be a problem?
Key Issue 1- Where is the
Population Distributed?
• Population Concentrations
– ¾ the population lives on 5% of the earth
• East Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, Eastern North
America
– This can be seen on a cartogram- map showing population
rather then actual size
– 2/3 the population lives within 300 miles of water,
Why?
• 4/5ths live within 500 miles
– All regions are located between 10 and 55 degree
latitude
– Pg 40 cartogram
• East Asia
– ¼ the earth population live here
• China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
– Of this 5/6 of these people live in China
» Over 3/4ths of these inhabitants live in rural areas
– Japanese and Taiwanese 3/4ths live in urban areas
• South Asia
– 1/5th the population lives in India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
• Along the Indus River and the Ganges
– 3/4ths of these people live in rural settings
• Southeast Asia
– 4th largest area of population, Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
Papua New Guinea and the Philippines
– The three Asian regions consist of over half the
worlds population
• Europe
– 3rd largest population cluster, 18th the people on earth
• 3/4ths these people live in the cities
– England, Germany and Belgium hold the highest population
– They do not produce enough agriculture to support their
population where do they get their food?
• Eastern North America
– 2% of the population, located along the
eastern U.S.A. and the southeast Canada
• 95% of these people live in the cities
• Sparsely Populated Regions
– Ecumene- portion of the earth that
permanently populates an area
• People avoid certain areas, Why? What are some
examples?
• Dry Lands
– 20% of the earth surface, the largest include the Sahara,
Arabian, Thar, Takla Makan, Gobi
• Lack of natural resources, such as what?
• What natural resource do they have?
• Wet Lands
– 50 inches of rain a year, high heat and rain deplete the soil
• Southeast Asia, South America
• Cold Lands
– North and South poles covered in Permafrost
• Cant grow right?
• High lands
– Steep snow covered, Mexico is an exception living about 7,360 ft
above sea level
• Population Density
– Number of people occupying land
• Arithmetic Density
– Total # of people divided by land mass
• U.S. has 77 persons per sq. Mile
– This number adjust as you measure different
aspects, Manhattan has about 55,400 per sq.
mile, why?
– This explains the where question
• Physiological Density
– Arable land- Farm Land
• # of people supported by Arable land
– U.S. 404 persons per sq mile, Egypt 9073 per sq, shows us
that Egypt must feed more people with this land
• Agricultural Density
– Two places can be similar but their Farming Density
could be different
• The ratio between farmers and the amount of farms
– U.S. has 4 per sq kilo, Egypt has 1401 per sq Kilo
» What can this tell us about technology and where
production is being made
Key Issue 2- Where has the worlds
population increased?
• Geographers can measure this 3 ways
– Crude Birth Rate- live birth rate compared to
1000, so 20 would mean 20 births per year for
every 1000
– Crude Death Rate- Deaths every year per
1000, What happens when the death rate is
faster then the birth rate? How about the
opposite?
– Natural Increase Rate- CBR-CDR
• Natural Increase
– Doubling Time- the % of time it takes to double the
population, in the 60s- 35 years 2000- 51 years what
does this tell us?
– Virtually 100% of the Natural Increase is located in
the LDC, WHY?
• Total Fertility Rate
– The average amount children a women will have
throughout her life
• For the world its around 3, In Africa its above 6- in the U.S.
lower then 1
• Mortality
– Infant Mortality Rate- deaths of infants within one
year, per 1000 people
– In LDC’s 10%, In MDC’s considerable different
• U.S. has a high rate compared to Europe and CanadaMinorities in the states have double the likelihood compared
to Latin America and Asia
– This is attributed that there is a large portion of Minorities that
cannot afford good health care, Do you think the new health
care bill will help this?
• Life expectancy- the average life of an infant- 70’s in W.
Europe, 40s in Sub-Sahara Africa
• What happens when the LDC are living longer then the MDC
• Pg 68 1-5
• Biologix- Population Changes and density, and
chaos
Key Issue 3- Why is Population Increasing
at different rates in different countries?
• Demographic Transition
– Four stages of population all cultures go through, Irreversible
•Low Growth- No country is here today, Started with the
Agricultural Revolution- The switch from Nomads to
farming
•High Growth- by 1750 AD average growth increased 10xs
faster then in the past
– CDR was low CBR was high
– The Industrial Revolution- sparked this because of wealth
used within the community
– Medical Revolution- longer healthier lives, better IMR
•Moderate Growth
– People choose to have fewer children
– Most likely when people live in cities, why not farms?
•Low Growth
– Zero Population Growth- CDR increases, CBR
declines
– Total fertility Rate- almost 0 population increase, 2.1
or lower
– Most of Europe, U.S. has not fully entered here
» Russia has a negative increase- more deaths then
births
• Population Pyramids
– Population displayed by age and gender
• Age Distribution
– Dependency Ratio- The ratio of people either to old or to
young to work
• 0-14, 15-64, 65 older
• Approximately half of all stage 2 countries are stage 2, just about
10-1 dependents, 1/3 of the pole in LDC and 1/5 in MDC
– Sex Ratio- males per females
• Usually more males then females born, but male death rates are
higher
– U.S. – 95-100 m vs. w, the outnumbering process starts around the
age of 30
– Immigrant Countries usually have a higher male pop. Why?
–
• Look at pg. 58 describe what is happening in each of the 8
population pyramids
• Please read- Pg 57, 60 and 61 describe different growth rates in
countries, Discuss with your partner
Key Issue 4- Why might the world
face an overpopulation problem?
• The majority of the world are in the 2nd and 3rd growth rate,
why is this problematic
• Malthus on over Population
– Argued that the population would out run their food, while food
increased mathematically population increased dramatically due to
factors in healthcare and economical
• 1834 AD- today- 1 person- 1 food unit
25 years 2 -2
50 years 4-3
75 years 8-4
100 years 16- 5
What is the eventual result? Argued for restraint, war or disease were
essential
• Neo- Malthusians- Malthusians claim that more LDC’s are in stage 2 of the
demographic transition that ever before in history, thus putting a larger strain on the food
supply. They also modified Malthus’s theory by stating that the population growth is outstripping not just food production, but a wide variety of resources, such as oil, natural
gas, etc. Argue that population will be in check because of the scarcity of food will
increase war, disease and death, ex. Africa
• Malthus critics
– Marxist theory believes that there is enough
food as long as it is shared amongst the
people
– Population could increase the economy and
technology therefore providing solutions
– Agriculture is expanding not fixed
– As of now he his a little off
•
How to reduce natural increase
– Return to stage one by raising your CDR
– Move to 3 and 4 by increasing economy and medical knowledge, Which do most
countries want to do?
•
Higher Death Rates
– AIDS- claims 2 million people a year in Africa
• W/o acting soon African countries will be in stage 1 again
– Polio, Measles, Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and tuberculosis claim 1/3 of the earths
child population in Africa
– These have almost been completely eliminated in MDC
– Pandemic- a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects very
high proportion of the population.
– Epidemiology- the study of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
– Epidemiologic transition- an alternative form of the demographic transition that
associates various degrees of medical advancement with the stages of
population growth
•
Lower Birth Rates
– What do they have to raise to lower birth rates?
– Distribution of contraceptives- very low in LDC, especially Africa
• Biologix- Patterns of population growth
and management
• Read the Summary- pg 66
• Do the questions 1-5
• Rubenstein, James- Cultural Landscape;
An Introduction to Human Geography
• http://www.glendale.edu/geo/reed/cultural/
cultural_lectures.htm
• http://www.quia.com/pages/mrsbellaphg.ht
ml
• Google