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URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN
KARST REGIONS OF CHINA
Yuan Daoxian
Karst Dynamics Laboratory, MLR,Guilin
China University of Geosciences,Wuhan
Contents
* Introduction:Urbanization in China
* Functions of Cities in Karsts of China
* Urban Hydrogeological & Environmental
Problems
* Concluding Remarks
I, INTRODUCTION: URBANIZATION
IN CHINA
*1980s: medium size cities: from 180 to 400
*2000: 666, 32 having population more than a
million
*Urbanization as a strategic measure : for
economic development;
to reduce the differences between developed
and poor regions
II, FUNCTIONS OF CITIES IN THE
KARST OF CHINA


Karst in China(including buried and
covered karst): 3,463,000 km2 , i.e, 1/3 of
its territory
Exposed karst: 907,000 km2
Fig.1, Exposed karst in China
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Provincial Capitals:
Jinan,Shandong province
Taiyuan, Shanxi province
Kunming, Yunnan province
Coal Industrial Cities:
Jiaozuo, Henan province
Zibo,Shandong province

Fig2, Big Karst Springs in North China
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Industrial centers
Zunyi, Guizhou province
Liuzhou, Guangxi province
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Agriculture
Most of the medium and small size cities
are based on local agriculture,but some of
them enjoy special products, such as:
Sugar cane: Guigang,Guangxi
Tobacco : Menzi,Yunnan province

Fig.3, Exposed Karst in Southwest China
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Fig.4, Menzi Basin
Chile pepper: Qiubei,Yunnan province
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Fig.5, green house nursery of chile pepper
Grape & Wine: Mile,Yunnan
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Fig.6,Grape yard in Mile county,Yunnan
Herb Medicines:Wenshan,Yunnan
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Fig.7, Nursery for Panax pseudo-ginseng var. notoginseng
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Mineral Deposits
Cassiterite: Gejiu,Yunnan
Dachang,Guangxi
Lead-Zinc: Siding,Guangxi

Fig.8, Surface collapses around Siding City, induced by
dewatering in the underlying lead-zinc mining tunnels
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Tourisms
Fig.9,Stone Forest, Lunan,Yunnan
Fig.10, Tropical Karst, Guilin, Guangxi
Fig.11,Jinci Karst Springs,Taiyuan, Shanxi
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Fig.9,Stone Forest, Lunan,Yunnan
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Fig.10, Tropical Karst, Guilin, Guangxi
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Fig.11,Jinci Karst Springs,Taiyuan,Shanxi ,North China
III, URBAN HYDROGEOLOGICAL &
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

The exploitation of natural resources
(water,land,mineral deposits, coal, and
touristic
attractions)
benefits
the
urbanization of karst regions. But
hydrogeological
and
environmental
problems,even geological hazards may
happen when there is an ignorance of
scientific management, which need a good
understanding on the karst hydrological
system.
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Coastal Cities
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Sea water intrusion in coastal regions of
Dalian city,Liaoning province,NE China
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Fig.12,Karst
Dalian city
geological
section
across
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1,caves; 2,coastal erosion cavities; 3,coastal erosion columns; 4,through cave; 5,coastal
erosion platform;6,coastal springs; 7,submarine karst springs; 8,S, S1, S2, coastal terraces
Fig.12,Karst geological section across Dalian city
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Fig.13, A view on the eastern coast of Dalian,Liaoning,NE China
Cities in the Karst Lowland of Eastern China

Over extraction of groundwater brings
about drying of karst springs with touristic
attraction:e.g,Jinan, Shandong province
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Fig.14, Karst hydrogeological cross section
of Jinan city
Fig.15,Karst hydrological variation in Jinan
city during the past 40 years
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Fig.14, Karst hydrogeological cross section of Jinan city
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Fig.15,Karst hydrological variation in Jinan city during
the past 40 years (Xi Deyin,1988)
1,precipitation; 2,spring flow;3,water table;4,amount of
extraction in urban area;5,sum of extraction and spring flow
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The Baotu Spring and more than 70 other
karst springs which used to flow out around
downtown Jinan city,with a total discharge of
300,000 to 350,000 m3/day before 1970s.
Stopped flowing when the extraction from the
Ordovician karst aquifer underlain the city
was more than 270,000 m3/day.
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*A karst collapse happened in Tai’an
city,January,1979,right below the major
railway between Beijing and Shanghai.
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Fig.16, karst collapses in Guizhou and
Guangxi
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Fig.16, karst collapses in Guizhou and Guangxi
Cities on the plateau karst, middle of China
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Shanxi province,North China
Permo-Carboniferous coal measures, the
most important energy source of China,are
overlying the
major karst aquifer
(Cambrian-Ordovician)
Fig.17,Schematic hydrological profiles
showing the general relationship between
karst aquifer and coal measures in North
China
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Fig.17,Schematic hydrological profiles showing the general
relationship between karst aquifer and coal measures in North
China (Han Xingrui,1994)
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The development of coal industry brings
about pollution to the underlying karst
aquifers, the major source of urban water
supply.
Southwest China Karst Plateau
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Cenozoic uplift,and development of
underground karst drainage systems
bring about:--
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Fig.18,Hydrological profile of Menzi
Basin, a typical example to show the
relationship between land , cities and
underground streams
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Fig.18,Hydrological profile of Menzi Basin, a typical
example to show the relationship between land , cities
and underground streams
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*WATER SOURCE PROBLEM
Land and cities are usually distributed
on the denudation surfaces of different
altitude, but underground streams are
dozens to hundreds meters below land
and cities. How to find enough water
to support the city development is
always a challenge.
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*FLOOD PROBLEMS
When underground streams are not able to
drain away excess storm water, flood
happens on the surface
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Fig.19, Hydrogeological section of Gejiu
city,flooded in 1954
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Fig.20, Flood in Sanshi polyje, Donglan
County, Guangxi
Gejiu
MenZi
Nanpan River
Caoba
Kaiyuan
1600
Honghe
River
1300
1300
1100
1000
200
1
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2
3
4
1.Metamorphic rock; 2.Granite; 3.Karstified limestone;
4.Argillaceous rock
Fig.19, Hydrogeological section of Gejiu city,flooded in 1954
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Fig.20, Flood in Sanshi polyje,Donglan County,Guangxi
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*POLLUTION
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Fig.21,Shuicheng
city,Guizhou,1800m
asl,polluted waste water from coal
mining,and steel manufactory draining
into underground streams
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位置
COD
BOD
Fig.21,Shuicheng city, Guizhou,
1800m asl, polluted waste water
from coal mining, and steel
manufactory draining into
underground streams
(Yao Chenghong,2002)
CN-
As
Cd
Cr6+
Pb
NO3
5
Phen
ol
-
水钢出口
1.68
1.54
22.4
0.2
2
0.6
8
0.9
0.15
1.2
6
1.2
6
落 水 洞 (1983
年)
0.66
0.37
4.1
0.0
6
0.1
4
0.2
4
0.90
0.3
0
0.1
2
落 水 洞 (1990
年)
1.91
0.51
14.1
2.7
9
0.1
4
1.1
4
3771
0.5
0
0.4
8
窑上水库
0.2
0.45
0
0
0
0
0.18
0.0
4
0.1
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IV, CONCLUDING REMARKS
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For sustainable development of water
resources in urban areas of karst in
China,it is necessary:--
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1, to get a better understanding on karst
hydrological systems with respects to
coastal, lowland and plateau areas of
China;
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2,to take into account protecting scenic
attractions and ground stability while
exploiting resources.
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Fig.22, The relationship between
Boyue Cave system,Hunan and the
coal measures underlain
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1,Middle-Lower Carboniferous limestone; 2,Lower Carboniferous
coal measures; 3,Lower Carboniferous Limestone
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Fig.22, The relationship between Boyue Cave system
and the coal measures underlain
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3, to address properly the relationship
between landuse planning/management and
karst aquifer protection
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Fig.23, Landuse along the Baiyandong
underground stream,Baojing,Hunan
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Fig.23, Landuse along the Baiyandong Underground
stream,Baojing,Hunan
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4,to carry out vulnerability assessment
and mapping for karst aquifers
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Fig.24,Vulnerability map of karst water in
Houzai underground stream,Puding,
Guizhou
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Fig.24,Vulnerability map
of karst water in Houzai
underground
stream,
Puding,Guizhou
Thank you for your attention!