Transcript Collaborative Arrangements between Military and Civilian Institutions

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
MOHAMED LEMINE
FROM THE MAURITANIAN ARMY FORCES
PLAN
INTRODUCTION
I-
PRESENTATION OF MAURITANIA
11 - IN A NUTSHELL
12 - THROUGH PICTURES
II - THE
MAURITANIAN ARMY
II- Collaborative Arrangements between Military
and Civilian Institutions
CONCLUSION
I - PRESENTATION OF MAURITANIA
11 – IN A NUTSHELL
DESCRIPTION OF MAURITANIA
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA
MAURITANIA
OFFICIAL
LANGUAGE
Arabic /French
RELIGION
Islam
INDEPENDANCE
TYPE
OF
GOUVERNMENT
28/11/1960
Land : 1.030.400 km2
AREA
Currency: OUGUIYA
Water : 1.100 km2
Republican
LAND BOUNDARIES AND BORDER COUNTRIES
ALGERIA
MALI
1000 Km
313 Km
SENEGAL
MALI
ECONOMIC RESOURCES
4 POLES
 ORE
IRON ORE
in the North
GOLD - COPPER
in the Center
OIL
on Nouakchott offshore
 Petrlium
In the North and south
AGRICULTURE / LIVESTOCK
in the South Eastern of the country
 FISH
12 – MAURITANIA THROUGH PICTURES
II - MAURITANIAN ARMY
21 - INSIGHT
 25 NOVEMBRE 1960
 TWO MAJOR STRUCTURAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFERS
 1978 : setting up of Units and Detachments
 1994 : a new reorganization of these Units
22 – MAURITANIAN ARMY ORGANIZATION CHART
GENERAL CHIEF OF STAFF
DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF
NAVY
AIR FORCE
CENTRAL BODIES
TRAINING
FACILITIES
DEPARTMENTS
ACADEMIES
DIRECTIONS
CENTERS
REGIONAL
BODIES
MILITARY REGIONS
AUTONOMOUS BATTALIONS
23 - MISSIONS OF THE NATIONAL ARMY
 DEFENCE OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORY INTEGRITY
 ASSISTANCE OF THE POPULATION
 PARTICIPATION IN THE PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A
Theory of Concordance
Civil control of the military is managed and maintained through the sharing of
responsibility for control between civilian leaders and military officers. Specifically,
civil authorities are responsible and accountable for some aspects of control and
military leaders are responsible and accountable for others. Although some
responsibilities for control may merge, they are not fused. The relationship and
arrangement of responsibilities are conditioned by a nationally evolved regime of
principles, norms, rules, and expectations concerning civil-military relations.
Although a regime may be stable for long periods, it can change as basic causal
factors such as values, issues, interests, personalities, and threats change.
Alterations of rules and decision-making procedures account for the dynamic nature
of civil-military relations, while alterations of norms and principles account for
conflict in civil-military relations. Regime differences between states account for the
particular national character of civil-military relations, much as like-minded regimes
account for cross-cultural similarities in civil-military relations.
This perspective offers a new theory for examining civil-military
relations. The current theory assumes that the military should remain
separate from civilian political institutions in order to prevent domestic
military intervention. By contrast, concordance theory, proposed in this
article, argues that three partners-the military, the political elites, and
the citizenry should aim for a cooperative relationship that may or may
not entail the separation of political and military institutions. As a
descriptive and prescriptive theory, concordance does not limit itself to
one civil-military scenario, and it explains the institutional and cultural
conditions that affect the distinctive relationships among the three
partners. Furthermore, if these partners agree on four indicators-the
social composition of the officer corps, the political decision-making
process, and recruitment method and military style-domestic military
intervention is less likely to occur
ARMED FORCES AND DEMOCRACY
• As we all know, the last two decades have seen a remarkable political
revolution in which transitions from authoritarianism to democracy
have occurred in roughly 40 countries. The previous authoritarian
regimes varied considerably. They included military governments in
Latin America and elsewhere; one-party regimes in the communist
states but also in Taiwan; personal dictatorships in Spain, the
Philippines, Romania, and elsewhere; and a racial oligarchy in South
Africa. The transitions to democracy also differed greatly. In some
cases, including many military regimes, reformers came to power
within the authoritarian regime and took the initiative in bringing about
the transition. In other cases, the transition came as a result of
negotiations between the government and opposition groups. In still
others, the authoritarian regime was overthrown or collapsed.
RELATIONSHIP
• Virtually all of these authoritarian regimes, whatever their type,
•
•
had one thing in common. Their civil-military relations left
much to be desired. Almost all notably lacked the kind of civilmilitary relations characteristic of the world's industrial
democracies, which I once termed "objective civilian control."
This involves:
1) a high level of military professionalism and recognition by
military officers of the limits of their professional competence;
2) the effective subordination of the military to the civilian
political leaders who make the basic decisions on foreign and
military policy;
3) the recognition and acceptance by that leadership of an area
of professional competence and autonomy for the military; and
4) as a result, the minimization of military intervention in
politics and of political intervention in the military.
CONCLUSION
•
Who will guard the guardians? Political scientists since Plato have
sought to answer this, the central question of the civil-military
relations subfield. Although civil-military relations is a very broad
subject, encompassing the entire range of relationships between the
military and civilian society at every level, the field largely focuses on
the control or direction of the military by the highest civilian
authorities in nation-states. This essay surveys political science's
contribution to our understanding of civil-military relations, providing
a rough taxonomy for cataloguing the field and discussing the recent
renaissance in the literature as well as fruitful avenues for future
research. The essay focuses on theoretical developments, slighting
(for reasons of space) the many case studies and empirical treatments
that have also made important contributions to our knowledge.