Transcript Thinking Geographically An Introduction to An

Thinking
Geographically
An Introduction to An Introduction to AP Human Geography
The Basis of Human Geography
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Human Geography entails all of the
scientific practices taken in to
account when thinking
geographically. Geographers ask the
questions Who?, What?, When?,
Where?, How? and Why? In relation
to a situation affecting Earth’s
surface, whether being the migration
of a people’s religion, language, and
food preferences (culture), the annual
rainfall within a given area (climate),
or the transportation of goods from
one place to another (economic).
Geographical Arrangements
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One of the most important parts
of Geography is the Where?,
which includes the Density
(arithmetic, physiological, and
agricultural), concentration, and
pattern, which all give details to
the location of people spread
across the surface of the earth
and their tendency to cluster in
certain areas.
Maps and Mapmaking
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A map is the most important tool to
geographers. It is a tool of reference and a
tool for communicating geographical
information. Mapmaking, or cartography,
began around 2300 B.C. by Babylonians.
Maps were used mainly by sailors. Now we
have satellites to help with accurate
mapmaking, called remote sensing. Then
we use GIS to put all the data together. It
layers the data (hydrology and soils). A GPS
gives us our exact location in longitude and
latitude.
Projections
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Projection is taking a globe such as Earth
and putting it on a 2D display. Since you
can’t put a globe on a map accurately you
will have some distorts to the image: the
shape, distance, relative size, and direction
can all get distorted. The shape can make it
look elongated or short. The distance can
become shorter or longer. The size can also
change. The direction will change. The
Robinson Projection and the Mercator
Projection are the best projections to use.
Location
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Location includes a sites
geographical position on the
earth’s surface. A relative
location can be given, or an exact
location using a system of
mathematical cartographical
tools known as longitude and
latitude. A place’s toponym is
included in its location.
Site
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The physical characteristics of a
location are known as site. These
characteristics include all
dominant landforms including
rivers, lakes, oceans, and even
mountains. Sometimes the
location of a place can determine
how the toponym of an area is
decided upon.
Situation
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The situation of a place is its
location in relation to another
place. This gives people an easier
way to describe a place if they do
not exactly know its location but
know of the area around it.
Telling Time
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The system we use to tell time, is
used across the entire globe. Its is
processed through the use of our
mathematical location descriptions
(longitude and latitude). Each place
falls into one of twenty four time
zones, starting at the zero degree
meridian found at Greenwich, London,
and this time is known as Greenwich
Mean Time.
Regions
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Regions help to give an area its
defining characteristics and
include the following:
Formal Region
Functional Region
Vernacular Region
Regions are determined by how people spread
themselves across space, alter there environment,
and interact with each other.
Culture
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Culture always falls into two
categories, what people care about,
and what people take care of.
The first category falls into the belief
system of a people including their
government, language, and religion.
The second category includes the
extra things that people need and
also want, including material
possessions (wealth), food, shelter,
and clothing.
Becoming Global
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One of the biggest cultural modifiers is globalization.
Globalization includes all of the beliefs, material
goods, and trends that aim to become global and
mask the local customs that tend to define
homogonous areas. Some people are very excepting
to globalization and believe it is necessary to proceed
in development and improve the economic status of
an area, while others believe that is a very disastrous
occurrence. Those that are opposed to globalization
wish to maintain the FOLK culture that they have
always portrayed and block the POPULAR culture that
is brought on with globalization. An example of
globalization is McDonalds success at taking over the
global food market.
As a result…
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As a result of globalization, there are new
phenomena brought into play across the globe. One
of these phenomena is space time compression,
which expresses the time it takes for an idea to
travel from one area to another. With the
globalization of radio and even television, messages
can be transferred in a fraction of the amount of time
that it used to take to send them. During the
colonization of America, it could take months to send
one message to the homeland, and then months
more to receive a response. Now with the integration
of technology, information can be sent from
anywhere on the globe to any other location within
seconds.
Diffusion
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Diffusion is when a characteristic or
an idea spreads from one place to
another over a period of time. This
characteristic originates around a
hearth. One of these emerges when
a group wants to try something new
or they have to. There’s Relocation,
Expansion, Hierarchical, Contagious,
and Stimulus diffusion.
Diffusion (2)
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Relocation diffusion is the spread of idea
through the actual movement of people
from one place to another. Expansion is
just the spread of something through a
snowballing process. Then hierarchical is
the spread of an idea through nodes of
authority. Also, Contagious diffusion is
the fast spread of something through the
people, like a disease. Stimulus is the
spread of an underlying idea even if it
does not become popular.
Review
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1. Describe in detail the scientific
process that is used to make maps.
1. The Answer
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Cartography is the scientific process
that is used to make maps. The
process includes the transfer of
geographic data from the globe to a
flat surface, using both scale and
projection.
Review (cont.)
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What are some of the effects of
globalization?
2. The Answer
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Some effects of globalization are a
more intertwined global economy,
including acts created for free trade,
the induction of countries into global
powers- such as The United Nations,
the destruction of small homogenous
(folk) cultures, and the immediate
integration of Large heterogeneous
(popular) culture.
Review (cont.)
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3.What is a region? What are the
different types of –region-? What are
the different terms that are included
to help define region?
3. The Answer
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Region is defined as, a distinct
characteristic defines one area from
all others. The different types of
region are vernacular, functional,
and formal. Region can be further
defined by site, situation, and location.
Review (cont.)
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4. What are the subcategories of
culture? What do the two specifically
include?
4. The Answer
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Culture includes what people care for
and what people care about.
People care about their ideas and
beliefs, including religion and politics.
People care about their material
possessions, including food, shelter,
and entertainment.
Review (cont.)
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5. What are the different types of
diffusion and how are they defined?
5. The Answer
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Relocation- The spread of an idea
through the movement of people from
one place to another.
Contagious- The rapid spread of
something, such as a disease, through
people.
Hierarchal- The spread of an idea
through governing rule or nodes of
authority.
Expansion- The expansion of something
through the -snowball effect-.
Stimulus- The spread of an underlying
principal, even if it is not popular at the