Transcript Cities in the Third Wave

Cities in the Third Wave:
The Technological Transformation of Urban America
Leonard I. Ruchelman
Group:
Peter Heller
Kate McCauley
Adam Neumeyer
The Transformation of Urban
America
Preindustrial
Industrial
Postindustrial
Preindustrial Cities
•Small populations (typically
less than 30,000 people)
•Small size allowed for personal
networks between friends,
family and businesses
•Small scale manufacturing
limited by hand tools, hydraulic
power, and the use of animals
•Located on waterfronts/ mill
sites (functioned as market
centers)
Industrial Cities
• Sudden rapid increase in the population of cities
– Growth in Western cities
• Railroad
– Rail Mileage Grew Rapidly
– Steam-powered locomotive – Western development
– Connected the East and West coast
• Mass Production
– Huge new factories
• Steam Power
– Provider of industrial power
• Steel
– Upgrade from iron
• Inventions – telephone, light bulb, refrigerated rail cars
• Improvements - Street surfacing, public lighting, water and
sewerage systems
From Urban Concentration to
Suburban Deconcentration
• In 1950 23% of Population in United
States lived in suburbs
• In 1960 31% of Population in United
States lived in suburbs
• In 1990 46% of Population in United
States lived in suburbs
The Great Migration: Population
Decline of Ten Major Old-Line Cities
Other Changes in the Metropolis
• Decline in Central City Employment
• Jobs move to the suburbs
• Those that need jobs the most do not have
them
• Metropolis changes to Megalopolis
Megalopolis
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Large urbanized area around a certain city
Boston to Washington, D.C.
Florida peninsula
Northern California
Southern California
Global Restructuring
• Geographic location means nothing
• Manufacturing jobs leave United States
• Advanced technology helps regions grow
Ten Metropolitan Regional
Economies with the Highest growth
Region
Rate of Expansion 1980-1991(%)
Austin, TX
22.9
West Palm Beach, FL
155.0
Raleigh-Durham, NC
140.2
Orlando, FL
95.8
Tucson, AZ
95.2
Phoenix, AZ
90.0
San Diego, CA
83.4
Augusta, GA
83.1
Sacramento, Ca
79.0
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN
68.7
United States
31.1
Ten Metropolitan Regional Economies with
the Lowest growth Rates
(ranked by change in rate of output
Region
Rate of Expansion 1980-1991(%)
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX
-17.5
Peoria, IL
.13.7
Davenport-Bettendorf, IA-Rock IslandMoline IL
-9.4
Flint, MI
-7.0
New Orleans, LA
-5.9
Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA
-3.3
Youngstown-Warren, OH
-2.9
Shreveport, LA
0.7
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY
1.8
Corpus Christi, TX
3.7
United States
31.1
Key Characteristics of Cities in the Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Stages
Preindustrial
Industrial
Postindustrial
Time Frame
17th and 18th
century
1830s plus
1950s plus
Power Sources
Wind, Water,
Animate
Steam/Internal
Combustion
Superconductivity
Technological
Advancement
Agricultural Tools
(Plow)
Energy
Information
Role of
Technology
Extraction
Fabrication
Process
Main Product
Food
Commodities
Knowledge
Social Institution
Family Farm
Mills, Factories
R&D Centers
Main Labor Force
Farmers
Factory Workers
Information
Workers
Main Mode of
Pedestrian, Horse,
and Carriage
Rail, Automobile
Telecommuting
Division of Labor
(Skills)
Simple
Highly Specialized
(Routine)
Very Highly
Specialized
(Customization)
Division of Labor
(Geographical)
City
Regional
International
Market Place
Commons
CBD/Mall
Electronic Network
Urban Pattern
Human Network
Monocentric
Global Networks
Social Pattern
Integrated
Segregated
Highly Segregated
Characteristic
Movement
Third Wave Technologies
• Telecommunication Systems
• Wireless Communications
• Internet and the Worldwide
Information Explosion
• Electronic Applications
• Technological Reshaping of Work
• Information Technology and the
Emergence of New Spatial Patterns
Telecommunication Systems
• Foundations
– Telegraph
– Telephone
• Methods of Communications
– Analog
– Digital
• Computers
– Vacuum tubes
– Transistor Circuits
• Computer chips
Wireless Communications
• Invented in 1896 by Guglielmo Marconi
• Four types: one-way receiver, two-way
dispatch, two-way mobile/portable phones,
and two-way data
• Many uses: tracking, communications
• 22,000 transmission sites in U.S., with
100,000 more in next ten years
The Internet is Born
• Prior to its introduction, there were only small
“islands” of communication
• Introduction in 1969 limited use to four sites that
possessed text based computerized switches
(ARPANET)
• Enormous growth (1990- 313,000 users/ 1992- <
1,000,000)
• Multiple benefits:
– Allows anyone to transmit any message to
millions of recipients
– Quick and easy global communication
– Large stores of information
Electronic Applications
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Virtual Museums
Libraries connected to the Internet
Electronic College Campuses
Telemedicine
Electronic Banking/Financial
Services
–Smart Cards
• Teleshopping
Transformation of Jobs
• Increasing computers = increasing downsizing
• Disappearance of the traditional job (agriculture,
services, ect.)
• Changing job locations
• Expanding the range of services
Information Technology and the
Emergence of New Spatial
Patterns
• Front Office Functions
• Routine Back-Office Functions
• Goods and Distribution
• Complex Office Work
Types Of Cities
• Headquarters Cities
• Innovation Centers
• Module Production Places
• Border Cities
• Retirement Centers
• Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds
• Edge Cities
Headquarters Cities
• Also known as World, Global, or Capital
Cities
• Characteristics of Headquarter Cities
– Leaders in global markets for commodities and
investment capital, foreign exchange, equities,
and bonds
– High concentration of corporate headquarters
– Locations of national and international
headquarters of trade and professional
associations
– Locations for national and international media
organizations, news and information services
– Major cultural capitals
New York
• Financial Capital
• Leads in advertising and law
– Computer and engineering services
are drawn to the suburbs
• Wall Street prospers = New York
prospers
• Site of a new high tech sector
– Silicon Alley
• Cultural Capital
• Popular destination for tourist
• Immigrants
Los Angeles
• Military defense expenditures
– High-technology telecommunications
center
• Manage military
• Location on Pacific Rim
– Trade between the West and the East
– Diversity of ethnic groups
– Rapid growth of foreign trade
• Financial hub of the Western U.S.
Innovation Centers
• R&D Centers are self-sustaining
• Key Sectors: electronics and telematics,
biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear
technology, medical technology,
environmental technology and space.
• Examples Silicon Valley, Route 128
Modular Production Places
• Places where routine tasks are preformed
• Examples: production of cars and
processing of magazine subscriptions
• Places: Detroit and Newark
Border Cities
• Labor Centers
– Large Immigrant Populations
• Undocumented Workers = low wages
• Trade and financial centers
– Importing, marketing, and distributing
goods
• Utilized by the very wealthy Latin
Americans
– Shopping
– Recreation
– Wealth Security
Miami
• Strategically positioned between North
and South America and the Caribbean
– Leading gateway to Latin America and the
Caribbean
• Immigration of large numbers of Latin
Americans
– Bilingual Spanish speaking residents
• Globalization of the world economy
– Eliminated Trade Barriers
• Tourism
• Foreign Banking
Retirement Centers
• Increasing numbers of people (b/c growth and
life expectancy)
• Relocation
• Consequences:
- communities have to deal with
changes in pensions, social security
and medicare
- lower industrial development
Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds
• One of the largest industries in the
United States
– The United States is the second most
popular travel destination in the
world
• Consist of theme parks, gambling
casinos, consumer shopping
centers, sports arenas, and
exhibition centers
Las Vegas
• Developed gambling as a major industry
– Spurs growth and lower unemployment
– Economic backbone of Las Vegas
• 30% of all jobs are in hotels, gaming, and recreation
• Fastest growing metropolitan area in the
nation
– For every 100,000 people who come to play, 250
stay
• Adds up to 75,000 new residents every year
• There is no corporate or personal income tax
Edge Cities
• Defined as:” high-order multifunctional
centers which have emerged in the outer
suburban areas”
• Appeared in the 1950’s b/c of automobiles
and communication technology
• Three types:
– Uptowns
– Boomers
– Greenfields
• Are they real communities?
Cities in the Third Wave
• The Role of Growth Coalitions in
Cities
• “Citistates” in the Global Economy
• Cities as Entertainment Centers
• Suburban Sprawl and Political
Fragmentation
• The Prognosis for Core Cities and
Older Metros
The Role of Growth Coalitions in
Cities
• Urban restructuring is shaped by
continuously changing economic
conditions
• Issue of domination results in an uneven
capacity to attract growth, which in turn
provides advantages and disadvantages
to groups
“Citistates” in the Global Economy
• A metropolitan area
• Stimulated by advancements in
telecommunications, trade agreements
• Source of entrepreneurial leadership
Cities in Pursuit of Niche Markets
• Cities create a certain draw
• Examples gambling, tourism, convention
centers, back-office operations
• Problems get dumped on poor cities
Cities as Entertainment Centers
• High-tech fun
– Sports arenas,
cultural centers,
entertainmentenhanced
retailing, and
urban theme
parks
• Restore central
cities
• Bring back what
they have been
losing to the
suburbs
Suburban Sprawl and Political
Fragmentation
• Suburbs healthiest parts of
the metropolitan economy
• Technology makes possible a
spatial leapfrogging pattern
• Edge cities and Industrial
Parks
• Segregation of income groups
– Gated Communities
Are Core Cities Doomed?
• While futurists are skeptical, their success depends on
many variables.
• Negative Pulls:
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Business relocation
Technological advances
Social problems
Declining economy
Growth of diverging jobs/ job skills
• Positive Pulls:
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Central business locations
Population lifestyles
Environmental factors
Environment for innovation
Urbanized economies
Conclusion
• All cities must be able to adapt to change in
order to progress.
• “Remember that the measure of a civilization is not the
tools it owns, but the use it makes of them.”
–L. Ruchelman