Transcript Photo Voltaic Cells on Norfolk Church Roofs

Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE
Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre
School of Environmental Sciences
Lay Chairman: Norwich East Deanery
Nick Wincott and John Pardon
Eastern Heat Pumps
Future Global Warming Rates
Reasons for Concern
Range of predicted
temperatures
Current
temperature
Risks to
Many
Risks to
Some
I
Historic Average
Large
Increase
Increase
II
Negative for
most
Regions
Negative for
some
Regions
Net Negative
for all
markets
oC
Some positive/
some negative
Most people
adversely
affected
III
Average 1950 - 1970
I
II
III
IV
V
Higher Risk
Risks to Unique and Threatened Systems
Risks from Extreme Climatic Events
Distribution of Impacts
Aggregate Impacts
Risks from Future Large Scale Discontinuities
Very Low Risk
IV
V
Local impacts
• Norfolk in that part of the UK which is likely to be most
impacted.
• Re-distribution of rainfall; lower summer rainfall.
• Maybe more flooding in winter
• Landscape/agriculture changes
Regionally/Globally
More severe weather
droughts;
floods; crop failures etc.
The CRed Community
•
•
•
•
Participatory/inclusive
Partnerships
Modes of participation (targets/methods)
Matrix of modes of participation = representative of
real-world complexity
• Spark imaginations
• Centred on Norwich/Norfolk, but links across the
region, country, the world….
The CRed ambition
To engage, enthuse and empower a large, diverse community to
debate, plan and execute a programme to reduce carbon
emissions by up to 60% by 2025
•Can a local community take on the responsibility for starting to
confront the challenge of climate change and make a difference?
•Or will it continue to be - someone/somewhere else?
•Can we encourage politicians/officials to be bolder on our
behalf?
•“exemplar for the world”
Government Response
• Energy White Paper – aspiration for 60% cut in CO2
emissions by 2050
• Will require unprecedented partnership activity in local
communities to ensure on track by 2020s (– but no
indication of how this will be undertaken)
“There will be much more local generation, in part from medium to small
local/community power plant, fuelled by locally grown biomass, from locally
generated waste, and from local wind sources. These will feed local
distributed networks, which can sell excess capacity into the grid.’’
- Energy White Paper: February 2003
On average each person in UK
causes the emission of 9 tonnes
of CO2 each year.
How many people know what 9
tonnes of CO2 looks like?
5 hot air balloons per person
per year.
4 million each year for Norfolk
Some facts:
A mobile phone charger left on even when not charging
up to 25 kg CO2 a year
Standby on television > 60 kg per year
Filling up with petrol (~£30 for a full tank)
--------- 90 kg of CO2
(5% of one balloon)
Driving 1.6 miles in a small family car (e.g. 1300 cc Toyota Corolla) emits as much
carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for
1 hour
Cred is looking at a variety of projects:
Some examples
•Wind Energy
•Solar Hot Water Heaters
•Solar PV
•Biofuels - biodiesel, bioethanol
•Conservation: heat pumps
•Education: Awareness
How to use your
Cred
beat global warming
to
University aims to shame ministers into tougher action
Ian Sample, science correspondent
- Wednesday August 27, 2003
A group of scientists in East Anglia has launched an ambitious campaign to tackle the threat of
global warming in an effort to shame ministers into stronger action on climate change.
The task they have set themselves is formidable: to slash the region's emissions of carbon
dioxide in half the time the government believes is possible.
At first glance, the project, known as Cred, for carbon reduction, might easily be dismissed as
well-meaning nonsense. But the team behind it, Keith Tovey and his colleagues at the
University of East Anglia, belong to the most prestigious environmental science department in
the country.
"If anyone is going to do this, they will," said Dennis Thouless whose Norwich-based company,
Global Commodities, collects used cooking oil from local businesses and turns it into fuel.
The Cred project was set up in response to the government's white paper on energy, published
in February. "The government pledged that they would be pushing to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions by 60% by the year 2050," Dr Tovey said.
"It looked impressive and sounded good, but didn't give any clues on how to do it. To put it
bluntly, there were too many agendas being thrown around."
The result was a statement of high intention that lacked any practical guidance.
Growing frustration at the government's dithering has spurred Dr Tovey's team into action. They
have taken the government's stated target of 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, which
according to the royal commission on environmental pollution is vital to avoid the adverse
effects of climate change, and pledged that East Anglia would meet it in half the time.
"If we can show that the people here can achieve this target by 2025, we can turn around and
say to everybody else, 'What's your excuse?'" Dr Tovey said.
Enthusiasm for the project has snowballed. Local businesses have submitted themselves to
scrutiny, to see how much electricity they are wasting. School children have had crash courses
in saving energy. Night classes have been set up to teach people the fine art of making solar
cells that, strapped to their roofs, will give hot water. Others have gone one step further and
installed silicon-based panels on their roofs that convert sunlight into electricity.
Dr Tovey is talking to the Diocese of Norwich to try to get the Anglican church on board. "East
Anglia has more than 600 churches," he said. "Because churches are all built running east to
west, it means they've got a huge area of roof that's facing south, so they're perfect for catching
the sun."
"It would be very hard not to agree with the aims of the Cred project," said the Rev Jan
MacFarlane, the Bishop of Norwich's chaplain. "And if there's a possibility of generating some
income, why not?"
But Dr Tovey knows that slashing carbon dioxide in East Anglia will have little impact on global
climate change. The people of East Anglia produce 6.5m tonnes of carbon dioxide a year,
Enthusiasm for the project has snowballed.
Local businesses have submitted themselves
to scrutiny, to see how much electricity they
are wasting. School children have had crash
courses in saving energy. Night classes have
been set up to teach people the fine art of
making solar cells that, strapped to their
roofs, will give hot water. Others have gone
one step further and installed silicon-based
panels on their roofs that convert sunlight into
electricity.
Dr Tovey is talking to the Diocese of Norwich
to try to get the Anglican church on board.
"East Anglia has more than 600 churches,"
he said. "Because churches are all built
running east to west, it means they've got a
huge area of roof that's facing south, so
they're perfect for catching the sun."
"It would be very hard not to agree with the
aims of the Cred project," said the Rev Jan
MacFarlane, the Bishop of Norwich's
chaplain. "And if there's a possibility of
generating some income, why not?"
The Times: Weather Eye: September 22, 2003
- Paul Simons
THE Right Rev John Oliver, the Bishop of Hereford, is
promoting a novel idea to help to cut the UK’s carbon dioxide
emissions — he would like to use church roofs for solar panels
in order to generate electricity.
“Most churches were built with roofs with a north-south aspect,
which is ideal for catching sunlight,” he explains. Aesthetic
considerations are helped by photovoltaic solar cells that can
be made to look like roof slates.
Following this and previous article, there has been must interest from
parishes in Norwich, elsewhere in the UK, and overseas.
Some Facts:
• Photo Voltaic Cells are becoming progressively cheaper
• Efficiencies of collectors are improving
• Grants of up to 70% of capital cost are available
• Photo voltaic cells can be manufactured in a variety of
forms - even made to look like tiles - or made in the form
which can be rolled out for easy installation.
• They can be easily connected to the Grid and sell surplus
electricity while allowing import when no solar energy is
available.
Photo Voltaic Cells on
Norfolk Church Roofs
This provides a unique opportunity for the
Church to make a contribution to
environmental issues, to the benefit of the local
community.
Eastern Heatpumps Ltd.
Incorporating
Screed Masters
Are Re-newable energy consultants
With a specialism in ground sourced heat pumps.
Photo voltaic cells produce electricity.
Solar panels provide hot water
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•Photo Voltaic cells are most efficient on South facing roof slopes.
•Traditionally most Churches are of an East West aspect with one or more
South facing roof slopes, providing an ideal opportunity for Photo Voltaic cells
to collect FREE solar energy to produce electricity.
Two Examples of photovoltaics
House in Cringleford
New Environmental
Science Building
1. Most Churches are Listed, and if not are Architecturally and/or
historically and/or of high landscape value and importance.
2. Consequently any Photo Voltaic Cell installation must be
aesthetically sensitive.
3. Photo Voltaic Cells are available in a number of forms, a few
being:•Sheet, suitable for lead roofs,
•Slates for incorporation in slate roofs,
•Panels for more modern churches
In general terms the electricity produced by Photo Voltaic
Cells is about 100 kWh/m2/per year.
Taking an average South facing Church roof area of about
22 Metres x 4.5 Metres, this will produce 10 000 kWh of
electricity per year. [4.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide saved]
In most cases this will provide the Church with most, if
not all of it’s electricity, and produce a surplus.
This surplus ( mostly in summer) can be
exported to the Main distribution system.
The equipment needed will include inverters,
in most cases up to a maximum of 3
Inverters in house in Cringleford
Financial Models
To develop the scheme
1. “Rent a Roof”
2. Diocese Capital to provide an income for the future
3. Individual Church’s own capital
4. Proceeds of the Land Fill Tax
There are also grants up to 50%+
The cost of energy will rise, making these
proposals more viable.
In the case of financial models 2. and 3. how can the surplus
electricity be used and sold?
1. Distribute locally in the Parish/village
(The Church making additional positive community involvement,
for the benefit of all)
[saves the 8% normal transmission losses and attendant CO2 emissions]
2. Sell all electricity produced to a Power Company
(Could provide a greater financial return)
[the Renewable Obligation Certificates which all Electricity Suppliers
MUST have are selling at a premium price]