Transcript II Central Place Theory _2011_

CENTRAL
PLACE
THEORY
A. Site & Situation
1. site: refers to the
physical
characteristics of a
location
2. situation: refers to
the relative location
in terms of spatial
interconnection &
interdependence
The city of
Shenzhen has
benefitted
from its
location
relative to
Hong Kong
B. Types of Settlement Patterns
Nucleated settlements: clustered around a
central nodal point (defense, close to water,
transportation routes)
Linear settlements: geographically restricted by
mountains, hills, valleys or rivers…or along roads
Dispersed settlements: lot of land is required,
such as farming regions
Settlement types:
A?
B?
C?
Optimal Business Location?
C. Functional Structure of Cities:
Three basic types of cities:
1. Central places: functioning primarily as service
centers for local hinterlands.
2. Transportation centers: performing break-ofbulk functions for larger regions
3. Specialized-function cities: dominated by one
activity such as mining, manufacturing, or
recreation
Economic Base Theory
Basic Sector: local businesses that are
dependent upon sales outside the city
Non-basic Sector: businesses dependent upon
local business conditions (grocery store, barber,
drycleaners, restaurants)
multiplier effect: increase in basic jobs increases
non-basic jobs…
D. WORLD CITIES & MEGACITIES
1. World cities: play a key role in the global economy
(London, New York, Tokyo)
– most have extremely large populations
– some do not: Milan (center of fashion) & Geneva (UN agencies)
2. Megacities: over 10 million
– over ½ of 20 largest cities today are in developing world
Problems of megacities:
migration from the countryside, slums (barrios or favelas), informal
economies, poverty, crime, child labor, orphans, water supply
HOW URBANIZED IS THE WORLD TODAY?
% pop urban
Africa
Asia
L America
N America
Europe
Oceania
38
38
75
77
75
70
1. The developing world of Africa & Asia are more rural
2. Regions that industrialized first have more medium-sized
towns (Europe)
3. MOST URBANIZED region: W. Europe – Belgium,
Netherlands, U.K. are >90% urbanized
EXPLODING AGGLOMERATIONS
2004: World’s top 10 cities
1. Tokyo
2. Mexico City
3. Seoul
4. New York
5. Sao Paulo
6. Mumbai
7. Delhi
8. Los Angeles
9. Osaka
10. Jakarta
33.9m
22.1m
22.0m
21.7m
19.9m
19.2m
18.7m
17.6m
16.7m
16.6m
Mexico City
Cuautepec- exurb of Mexico City
1950
Urban Area
1975
Population
2003
Urban Area
Population
Urban Area
2015
Population
Urban Area
Population
1
New York,
12.3
1
Tokyo, Japan
26.6
1
Tokyo, Japan
35.0
1
Tokyo, Japan
36.2
2
Tokyo, Japan
11.3
2
New York, USA
15.9
2
Mexico City,
Mexico
18.7
2
Mumbai, India
22.6
3
Shanghai,
China
11.4
3
New York, USA
18.3
3
Delhi, India
20.9
4
Mexico City
10.7
4
Sao Paulo, Brazil
17.9
4
Mexico City,
Mexico
20.6
5
Mumbai, India
17.4
5
Sao Paulo, Brazil
20.0
6
Delhi, India
14.1
6
New York, USA
19.7
7
Calcutta, India
13.8
7
Dhaka, Bangladesh
17.9
8
Buenos Aires
13.0
8
Jakarta, Indonesia
17.5
9
Shanghai, China
12.8
9
Lagos, Nigeria
17.0
10
Jakarta, Indonesia
12.3
10
Calcutta, India
16.8
11
Los Angeles, USAb
12.0
11
Karachi, Pakistan
16.2
12
Dhaka, Bangladesh
11.6
12
Buenos Aires,
Argentina
14.6
13
Osaka-Kobe, Japan
11.2
13
Cairo, Egypt
13.1
14
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
11.2
14
Los Angeles, USAb
12.9
E. Walter Christaller’s
Central Place Theory
1. nested hexagons
show a hierarchal
ranking of market
areas
hinterland: rural area
outside urban areas
Why Hexagons for Market Areas?
Hexagons don’t leave gaps between market areas
& its edges aren’t equidistant from the center
2. range of services: maximum distance consumers are
willing to travel to obtain a product or service
* luxury items: longer range
3. threshold: minimum number of consumers needed to
support a business
Hamlets
provides some
basic services
Towns
Larger than a
village and has a
higher level of
specialization
Cities
Cities have more
specialization and
a larger hinterland
than a town…
A city has suburbs
while a town has
outskirts
Market-Area Analysis
• Retailers and other
service providers make
use of market-area
studies to determine
whether locating in the
market would be
profitable
Supermarket and Convenience
Store Market Areas
Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and
UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much
larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.
F. Central Place Assumptions:
1. orderly hierarchy of
central places
2. places of the same
size equally spaced
apart
3. larger cities spaced
farther apart
Rank-Size Rule
1. inverse relationship between size of a city &
its urban rank
2. Under the rank-size rule:
- town 1/2 the size city
- village 1/3 size
- hamlet ¼ size