Transcript Hydrogen – Initiated Synthesis of AIVBVI compounds

Vakhsh River Basin (VRB),
Tajikistan
Inom Sh. Normatov
Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology AS RT,
734002, Dushanbe, 12, Parvin street,
e-mail: [email protected]
Present State-of -art methodology
Vakhsh River Basin is one of the main basins which supports the
life and livelihoods of several hundred thousands people in
Tajikistan. From the beginning of 30s of the last century water
resources development has been taking place in VRB. Since Vakhsh
is a transboundary river system- other downstream countries of the
Central Asia also have strategic interest on is water resources.
For example: Vakhsh have of all hydropower resources of Amu
Darya basin. Potential power resources of Vakhsh is about 28.6
mln.kWt, it can provide up to 250bln.kWt/hour of electric power
per year.
Main issues
a) Significant water losses together with ecological and economic
problems in VRB are connected with unsatisfactory condition
of infrastructures, hydraulic structures such as irrigation canals
and drainage systems. Taking this account, it is necessary to
carry out restoration and maintenances of technical facilities
and improvement of water related structures and facilities. The
local irrigating systems worsened to the greater degree in
comparison with regional irrigating systems. The newly
established organizations such as agricultural farms and water
user associations are economically weak and do not have ability
to operate and maintain irrigating systems properly.
Tajikistan can’t fully cover water resources expenses. This is due to
an inadequate tariff on water supply (0.15 cents per 1m3, where
as real price is 0.82 cents). Because of this 15-20% reductions
in the irrigation network were observed, similarly the loss of
pumping system was about to 20-30%. The water losses and
poor infrastructure have caused the increasing unreliable water
supply system. Water supply system is not only affected by
poor infrastructures but also because of poor management and
governance.
b) Ecology of the VRB is deteriorated in recent years. Drastic
decline of hydropower production and reduction of natural
gas, coal and other energy resources in 90s caused massive
deforestations. From 1992 to 2001, 100 thousand hectares of
forest area have been destroyed. Desertification and soil
erosion are everywhere in the upstream hilly areas due to
deforestation.
c) There are more than 50 thousand registered land slides areas, 1200
of them pose a threat to settlements. humus losses are increasing.
Annual soil wash out is about 87 million tons, where as humus loss
reaches 11-13 million tons each year. The main environmental
problems of VRB are: inadequate access to potable water, land
degradation (decrease in fertility) and degradation of ecosystem.
d) Water supply and sewage systems are very important to maintain
live and livelihood of the population and economy. The main
sources of potable water in VRB are open water sources. About
75 % of water comes to systems from such sources. About half of
VRB population doesn’t have access to the centralized water supply
system and use River and irrigational canals as a of source drinking
water. Approximately 90% of urban VRB population is provided
with water supply system, but in rural areas this figure does not
exceed to 45%. Because of rapid population growth uncontrolled
urbanization is everywhere. People even use agricultural lands for
settlements. This increases pressure on water resources.
e) The organizational structure of water resources management in
Tajikistan is a very complex with multiple structures. Water
resources planning, irrigation management are under Ministry of
Melioration and Water Resources. There are some overlapping with
the Ministry of Energy, which is responsible for hydropower
generation in the country. There are several layers and multiple
departments with overlapping responsibility for water resources
monitoring (data collection and analysis etc..). Water resources in
Tajikistan are regulated by its constitution and several articles:
Water Code, Land Code, Civil Code, and existing law related to
natural resources, local self-management and a number of other
government decrees. Responsibilities of the ministries and the
departments involved in planning and water resources
management show that many functions are overlapped. Strictly
centralized authority and multiple departmental interests do not
allow the effective use of available human and institutional
resources.
Baseline condition in the basin:
(a) Geographical Characteristics:
The Vakhsh River Basin (VRB) is a large basin with territory (31200
km2) located in the highest part of Central Asia. The upper part of
VRB is located on the northern part of Pamir within the PamirAlay’s ridges, the medium and lower parts of this catchments are
located in semi-arid zone of the Southern Tajikistan. Vakhsh valley is
located in the southwest part of Tajikistan at an altitude of 329-445
m above sea level.
Geographical longitude and latitude of Vakhsh River Basin:
At a source of the river Vakhsh:
•
38о42I 10II northern latitude
•
70о04I 00II east longitude
At downstream Vakhsh river outlet:
•
37о02I 00II northern latitude
•
38о20I 05II east longitude
. In the Vakhsh valley the monthly average air reaches 28,4 оС 31,4оС, and annual average is 15,7 оС -16,7оС.
There are about 569 mountain lakes with the total area of 17,37 km2
in the VRB. They are located at the height of 2800-3500 m and
basically represent small reservoirs of some square meters up to
1km2. VRB is characterized by rather high silt and sediment load
(2900 t/km2). Average value of turbidity of the Vakhsh river exceeds
4000 g/m2 . High values of the sediment and silt load are explained
by loose mineral rock in the water courses and lack of vegetation
cover in the VRB.
The Vakhash is the main river of Republic of Tajikistan, merging with
Pyanj river it forms Amu-Darya - the biggest river of the Central
Asia. The Vakhsh is 691km long. The Vakhash has a basin area of
39160 km2-almost is a quarter of Tajikistan. The Vakhsh River has
6276 tributaries and 20 lakes covering the total area of 4 km2. Glacier
and snow are the main source of Vakhash. More than 40 % of its
flow comes during July to September from thawed glaciers. Thawing
of seasonal snows, springs and rains constitute Vakhash flow. The
mean discharge at the head structure of the Vakhsh main canal is
2273 m3 per second, the maximum discharge is about 4500 m3 per
second, and the minimum discharge is 1420 m3 per second. March to
October flow constitutes about 87 % of annual flow.
Table 17. Sub basin charactersistics of VRB rivers
level
Length, Basin area, difference, m
km
km2
source silk
River
inflow
Kizilsu
Surkhob(r)*
254
8380
3800
1835
Muksu
Surkhob (l)*
88
7070
2714
1835
Surkhob
Vaksha (r)
146
7286
1835
1163
Koksu
Surkhob (l)
11
1294
1823
1708
Yarkhich
Surkhob (r)
48
1170
3309
1570
Yasman
Surkhob (r)
30
208
3400
1568
Sarbog
Surkhob (r)
81
1780
3580
1246
Sangikar
Surkhob (r)
42
291
3400
1242
Obikhingoy
Vakhsh(l)
196
6660
2960
1163
Obimazor
Obikhingoy (l)
38
1030
3200
2168
Rangov
Obikhingoy (r)
62
781
3210
1958
Syrkhsu
Obikhingoy (l)
36
266
3800
1446
Note: *(r) - right (l) - left
(b) Demographical features:
The basic demographic characteristics and agricultural production
in VRB are presented in tables 3-15.
Table 3, region, population density, and rural urban population
Men, th.
person
Women, th.
person
Number of
settlements
% of rural
population
% of urban
population
Population
per km2
Territory,
th. km2
Kumsangir region
1.0
92
2.2 87.8
42.9
42
42
Kolkhozabad region
0.9
154 13.3 86.7
63.4
62.8
85
Jilikul region
1.2
68
6.4 93.6
36.7
36.5
54
Vakhsh region
1.0
136 11.3 88.7
63.1
62.5
88
Bokhtar region
0.6
316
7.2 92.8
87.3
87
127
Khuroson region
0.9
87
7.0 93.0
36.1
35.6
67
Jomi region
0.6
196
8.3 91.7
53.7
52.6
72
Name of territories
Sarband city
0.1
330
35.8
64.2
14.4
14.9
12
Yavan region
1.0
150
17.1
82.9
68.1
66.4
69
Nurek region
0.4
111
47.0
53.0
35.7
36
28
2
53
18,9
81,4
47,5
48,9
73
107
100
-
29.9
30.6
50.5
49.5
14.4
13.6
28
100.0
6.5
6.2
70
Danghara region
Kurgant Tube
Roghun city
0.5
61
Tavildara region
6.0
2
Nurabad region
0.9
66
2.0
98
27.7
26.7
94
Rasht region
4.6
19
12.1
87.9
41.2
39.3
81
Tajikabad region
0.7
48
-
100
15.8
14.8
45
Jirgatol district
4.6
12
100
25.2
24.4
48
Total on basin
22.0
62.7
84.0
662.7
651.9 1010
16.0
Total
Average per capita income
1998 y. 1999 y. 2000 y. 2001 y. 2002 y.
Somoni Somoni Somoni Somoni Somoni
7.25 100 11.3 100 16.9 100 24.3 100 29.7 100
labour income
2.17 29.6 3.18 32.5 5.70 33.7 9.92 40.8 12.9 43.2
pensions, prize,
0.1 1.4 0.17 1.5
scholarship
compensation,
0.04 0.6 0.3 0.3
charity
property income 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.1
income generated
0.6 0.8 0.02 0.2
by property sale
1.93 26.6 1.13 9.6
other cash flow
0.20 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.5 1.7
0.05 0.3 0.06 0.2 1.0 3.7
0.10 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.02 0.1
0.04 0.2 0.09 0.4 0.1 0.3
2.43 14.3 2.65 10.9 2.57 8.7
Gross domestic product
1998 y. 1999y. 2000y. 2001y.
GDP in acting prices mln.
1025.2 1345.0 1806.7 2528.8
somoni
Temp of height in year %
105.3 103.7 108.3 110.2
Per capita, somoni
169.6 220.5 292.1 398.7
In dollar of USA
139.5 144.7 156.7 172.3
Structure of GDP production (%)
Production of goods
50.0 52.8 54.6 53.6
Service
42.4 39.9 37.1 37.3
Taxes
17.6
7.3
8.3
9.1
2002y,
3365.5
109.5
522.8
189.0
52.5
37.6
9.9
Gross domestic product [continued]
1998 y. 1999 y. 2000 y. 2001y.
Structure of GDP uses (%)
Charges of the end use 90.9
81.1 79.0
Gross accumulation
18.2
17.4
11.2
The clean export
-9.1
1.5
9.8
85.2
16.8
-1.9
2002y.
81.6
17.6
0.8
Production of GDP on filed of economy
GDP in acting prices,
mln. somoni
Production of goods
Service
Subsidies
1025.2 1345.0 1806.7 2528.8 3365.5
513.2
437.5
12
710.8
540.8
8.0
986.5
675.2
4.5
1354.9 1767.6
943.5 1265.1
6.1
7.9
Volume of industrial production (in prices 2002, th. somoni)
1998
Khatlon region
Kumsangir region
Jilikul region
Vakhsh region
Bokhtar region
Khuroson region
Sarband city
Danghara region
Nurek region
Kurgant Tube
Total
DRD
434836
9979
14355
20096
11370
17436
3115
114150
10024
221855
673135
1999
2000
2001
2002
432227 443898 515365 574694
10059 10200 10863 11119
13365 18283 18758 23353
18692 1 18823 19068 23991
11575 9179 9656 11553
15291 19985 14969 23517
5473 6015 6141
7515
122826 110912 112797 122150
7718 6398 9220 19322
222399 225743 263205 295310
831402 988701 1108369 1182685
2002 in %
to 1998
132.1
111.4
162.6
119.3
101.6
134.8
2,4
107.0
192.7
133.1
175.6
Volume of industrial production (in prices 2002, th. somoni) [continued]
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
on DRD of VRB industrial production not carried out
Roghun city
Tavildara region
Nurabad region
Rasht region
Tajikabad
Jirgatol district
673135 831402 988701 ГИ08369 1182685
Total
894990 1053801 1214444 1371574 1477995
Total on basin
2002 in %
to 1998
175.6
165.1
Production of grain (thous. tone)
Khatlon region
Kumsangir region
Kolkhozabad region
Jilikul region
Vakhsh region
Bokhtar region
Khuroson region
Jomi region
Sarband region
Yavan region
Nurek region
Danghara region
Kurgant Tube
Total
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2002 to
1998 %
277,8
12,8
16,2
13,5
15,1
17,3
16,1
10,9
2,8
13,3
1,9
21,6
119.9
276,9
8,7
14
12,4
10,4
13
14,8
10,3
1,4
18,9
1,8
23,2
105.7
330,7
16,2
15
15
14,2
17,1
17
14,8
3,2
14,5
3,6
28,6
130.6
249,7
15
17,5
11,5
12,1
15,9
9,7
11,2
3,8
13,7
2,2
11,6
112.6
377
12,8
31,3
11,5
12,8
16,3
10,7
16,6
1,9
19,1
0,6
40,2
133.6
135,7
100
193,2
85,1
85,3
94,8
66.4
152,2
68.5
143,9
31,5
186,1
111.4
Production of grain (thous. tone) [continued]
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2002 to
1998 %
DRD
Roghun city
78,4
85,2
97,9
96
136,9
174,6
1,5
2,1
1,2
1,6
2,3
153,3
Tavildara region
Nurabad region
Rasht region
Tajikabad region
Jirgatol district
Total
Total on basin
0,6
3,9
5
2,9
3,7
17,6
137.5
0,8
3,5
5,6
2,7
4,4
19,7
125.4
0,7
1,9
3,1
1,9
2,8
11,6
142.2
0,5
2,6
2,9
2,7
2,1
12,4
124.6
1,2
2,7
5,7
5,6
4,8
22,3
155.9
2р
69,2
114
193,1
129,7
126,7
113.3
Khatlon region
Kumsangir region
Kolkhozabad region
Jilikul region
Vakhsh region
Bokhtar region
Khuroson region
Jomi region
Sarband city
Yavan region
Nurek region
Danghara region
Kurgant Tube
Total
DRD
TOTAL
Cotton production (thous.tone)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
217.7 174.4 178.0 255.1 305.8
18,5 13,4 10,2 12,9
18,9
17,2 14,5 14,9 23,6
23,7
14,3 10,5
7,8
20
17,3
15,5 16,4 14,2 18,9
25
23,3 19,1 17,4 24,7
27,9
7,6
5,1
2,8
5,8
9,2
13,2
9
6,7
11.7
12,1
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,9
23,2 16,2 21,2 28,2
33,9
3,6
2,7
2,5
3,9
4,5
135,3 104,7 97,7 148,3 160,9
37,3 26,4 36,5 52,3
54,8
172.6 131.1 134.2 200.6 215.7
2002 in % to 1998
140.4
102,1
137,7
120,9
161,2
119,7
121,9
91,6
116
146,1
125
118,9
146,9
124.9
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Irrigation in VRB
Name of regions of
Area of
irrigated
VRB
regions, ha land, ha
456147
7567
Dzhirgatalskyi
74785
3971
Tajikabad
353704
6398
Rasht
478135
1444
Tavidara
82830
2620
Nurobad
63265
630
Ragunsikyi
30773
574
Nureksikyi
93185
26979
Yavansikyi
90199
19036
Khodzhamastonsikyi
13986
2380
Sarbandsikyi
Mechanized
irrigation, ha
74
1496
875
270
13411
1379
№
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Irrigation in VRB [continued]
Name of regions of
Area of
irrigated
VRB
regions, ha land, ha
88499
10533
Gozmaliksikyi
168878
21507
Vakhshsikyi
133742
22972
Kolkhozabadsikyi
104536
19744
Dzhilkulsikyi
110845
22450
Kumsangirsikyi
59766
26010
Bakhtarsikyi
faizabadsikyi
Dangarinskyi
Kabodianskiyi
Total on VRB
2404375
194815
Mechanized
irrigation, ha
2851
2034
15637
10001
8542
3438
140
1691
711
62550
(c) Land Forms and Land uses:
Areas and percentages of principle land uses in the VRB
Land use type
Area (m2)
Percentage (%)
Irrigation land
2023000000
6.48
Pasture
8800000000
28.20
Resident
24043750000
77.06
Reservoir
620000000
1.99
Lake
17370000
0.06
Glaciers
3150000000
10.10
Mountains
18720000000
60
Forests
312000000
1.0
Average glacier contribution to Vakhsh river and its tributaries (1990s)
Area of Degree of
Annual
Glacier contribution,
Area ,
River
Volume
2 glaciations, glaciation, average flow,
km
km2
%
mln. m3
mln. m3
1
3
4
5
6
7
Muksu
6550
2088
31.9
3244
1685
Vakhsh
20000
3138
15.7
10277
3065
Vakhsh
31200 3850,4
12.3
19097
5040
Yarkhich
1170
106,8
9
1588
302
Sorbog
1760
105,6
6
2180
338
Sangikar
291
8,9
3
378
19
Pitaukul
531
61,8
12
960
221
Tamdikul
398
90,8
22.5
507
198
Obikhingoy 1880
398,2
21.2
1568
685
Obikhingoy 6600
712,4
10.8
6883
1522
Obimazor
1030
171,5
16.7
832
283
Year
1984
Hydrochemical regime of Vakhsh river
Mineralization,
Oxygen regime,
Nitrate,мg/l
mg/l
%
312-951
0,05
55-88
(“Tigrovaya balka”)
(Kalininabad)
1985
342,7-946
(Kurgan -Tube)
52-83
1986
260,6-2177,4
50-100
1987
194,1-1798,2
44-129
1988
259,9-14806
(Kurgan Tube)
55-107
For all
period
194-2177,4
44-129
0,042
(“Tigrovaya balka”)
0,97
(Kalininabad)
0,028
(Nurek)
0,09
(Kalininabad)
0,097
The main sources of drinking water in VRB are open water sources
(rivers, irrigational canals, small reservoirs). Approximately 75 % of
water in the supply systems comes from such sources. The quantity
of water consumed for industrial needs (normative) is 13633,8 m3 /
day. The amount of water consumed for residential needs
(normative) is 119,25m3/day or 38947,9 m3/year. Waste water
production from residential area is 75,4 m3 /daily and is collected
through sewage system of Kurgan -Tube city. The water volume
used for household needs makes about 6 % of the total water
supply which is about 1.2 billion m3. Approximately the ratio is
typical for VRB. The main environmental problems for VRB are:
lack of access to good quality water, soil degradation (reduction in
fertility) and ecosystems degradation. Water quality deterioration is
connected with the absence of necessary treatment facilities, and
inappropriate and inadequate management of water resources for
rapidly growing population.
(b) Environmental Characteristics :
It is observed that VRB rivers are highly mineralized with
chlorides and sulfates. VRB rivers are polluted with
minerals fertilizers and pesticides from the irrigated land.
Results of chemical analyses Vakhsh river
(dates carrying out of analyses May - June, 2004)
Vakhsh (1 km. after
merging with Yavansu)
Yavansu (up merging with
Vakhsh river)
Kurgan Tube (up merging
with Yavansu river)
Sarband (Vakhsh
magisterial canal )
Mixing of Vakhsh Yavan
tunnel
Up to Nurek water
reservoir
Limit permissible
concentration(LPC)
Name of ingredients
Ph
6,5-8,5 8,1 8,2
Color, degree
20
0
Mineralization, mg/l
1000
830
Chloride, mg/l
350 51,9 86,7
Nitrogen ammonia , mg/l 2
0,05 0,24
6,5
42
400
72
0,01
7,2
49
400
72,4
0,24
7,6
1440
1290
93,2**
0,96
7,2
960
700
72,8
0,7
Results of chemical analyses Vakhsh river
(dates carrying out of analyses May - June, 2004)
[continued]
Nitrogen nitrate, mg/l
45 0,62 0,15 2,5 0,8 1,4
Nitrogen nitrite , mg/l
1
0,09 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,06
Fluoride, mg/l
1,5
0,58 0,09
Phosphor, general, mg/l
0,1
0,02 0,08 0,06
Sulfate, mg/l
500 153
195 28 36
Copper, mg/l
1
0,3
0,74 0,46 0,54
Iron general, mg/l
0,3 0,04
0,08 0,05 0,06
Iodides, mg/l
0,2
0,17
Chromium 6-th valiant,
0,01
0,01
mg/l
1,1
0,04
0,12
0,04
30
0,42
0,11
Characteristics of waste water Vakhsh Nitrogen plant
Name
Units
LPC
pure water flow (industrial)
Nitrogen ammonia
Mg/l
0,5
22
Nitrogen nitrate
Mg/l
0,02
0,02
Nitrogen nitrite
Mg/l
9,1
1,2
Oil production’s
Mg/l
0,05
0,2
Water quantity of Vakhsh river (area located of Vakhsh Nitrogen
plant)
Name of
ingredients
Before sewage
system
after sewage
mixing
13,5
13,5
245
251
0,5
0,206
0,21
Nitrogen nitrate
mg/l 0.02
0,02
0,02
Nitrogen nitrite
mg/l
9,1
2,6
2,7
Oil production’s
mg/l 0,05
0,13
0,13
The stratum
substance
General
mineralization
Units LPC
mg/l
15
mg/l 1000
Nitrogen ammonia mg/l
The swampy area in irrigated land of VRB covered 13,444 ha in 2003
an increment of 958 ha is observed in comparison with 1990. Area
affected by salinization (salinity) covers 7,426 ha.
Salinity is observed in both groundwater and irrigated areas covering
1182 ha. Presently 22,052 ha of irrigated area is not in satisfactory
condition with an increment of 261 ha from 1990. In VRB, 1,375 ha
of irrigated land was not used in 2003, which includes 328 ha affected
by salinity and water logging, 410 ha due to water shortages and 160 ha
because of soil erosion. In 2003 168,9 thousand ha irrigated area (85%)
required improvements in irrigations systems. Drainage system was
necessary for 2,736 ha, where as improvements in collectors and
drainage required for 12,011 ha of irrigated area. It is necessary to wash
out 11,618 ha of heavily salted area. Similarly 95 ha needs protection
from flooding. The potential pasture area in VRB is equal 24 % the
Tajik Pasture land (880 thousand ha), 60% of which is located in the
mountain region. Water insufficiency is the greatest barrier for
maximum utilization of available mountain pastures.
List of Hydropower stations (HPS) in use and under construction in the
VRB
№
Name
Parameters
Capacity, Production, Head,
MWt
TWt.h/year
m
Useful Volume of
reservoir,km3
Cascade of HPS on Vakhsh river
1 Roghun**
3600
13,3
300
8,6
2 Shurabad
800
3
55
0,02
3 Nurek*
3000
11,2
250
4,5
4 Baypazin*
600
2,5
54
0,08
5 Sangtuda- 1**
670
2,7
58
0,02
6 Sangtuda- 2
220
1
19
0,005
7 Golovnaya*
240
1,3
26
0,004
8 Perepadnaya*
30
0,25
39
0
9 Centralnaya*
18
0,11
22
0
9178
35,36
Total
13,229
List of Hydropower stations (HPS) in use and under construction in the VRB
[continued]
Parameters
№
Name
Capacity,
Production, Head,
Useful Volume
MWt
TWt.h/year
m
of reservoir,km3
Cascade HPS on Obikhingoy river
1 Sangvor
800
2
268
1,5
2 Urfatin
850
2,1
280
0,01
3 Shtienskaya
600
1,5
150
0,01
4 Evtachskaya
800
2
185
0,02
5 Kaftarguzarskaya
650
1,7
140
0,01
Total
3700
9,3
1,55
Cascade of HPS on Surkhob river
1 Dzhadbulak
600
2
200
1,4
2 Sayronak
500
2,2
135
0,01
3 Gorgenskaya
600
2,7
138
0,02
14978
53,36
16,229
* - working, ** - building
Baseline information availability:
- observation networks;
One of the primary goals of the hydrometeorology agency is to
provide information on current and expected hydro meteorological
conditions and climate changes, the level of pollution of the natural
environment, and the information on hydro hazards in the country.
« The hydrometeorological agency » provides information to various
sectors and populations on current and future conditions of the natural
environment and climate: expected changes of hydrometeorological
conditions. The information provided by agency is used for taking
decisions for the agricultural planning and crop plantation.
The agency provides following information:










forecast and notification the hydro-hazard (flood, avalanches,
frosts, heavy rainfall) and sharp weather changes;
decadal review of the hydrometeorological informations and
publications of agrometeorogical bulletin, hydrological bulletin,
monthly review (the review hydrometric condition for previous
month), seasonal agro-meteorological review;
seasonal cumulative precipitation (autumn-winter) and snow
reserves in mountains;
information dissemination to public and private sectors, industry
and agricultural authorities;
weather forecasts for 1-5 days, which are published in daily
hydrometeorological bulletin,
monthly weather forecast;
Agricultural water management and crop water requirement
forecast;
agricultural production forecast etc;
Flow forecast in rivers;
Thank You!