Transcript Why People Migrate

Chapter 3 Migration
Introduction
People move because of push or pull factors.
Sometimes it’s a combination of both
 E.G. Ravenstein identified 11 laws of migration
 Emigration is moving from a location
 Immigration is moving to a location
 When people move they bring invisible things
with them to the new area


Religion, language, art, food, music, clothing,
traditions
Why do people migrate?
Economic
Cultural/Political
Environments
To find work
Persecution
Flooding
Availability of resources
Race
Climate
Religion
Physical features
Political opinion
Drought
Civil War
Freedom
Distance of Migration
Internal Migration




Movement within the same
country
Interregional-Migration from
one region to another
separate region (CA to FL)
Intraregional-Migration
within a region (Tampa to
Lakeland)
Mostly rural to urban
migration
International Migration





Movement to another
country
Forced or Voluntary
Most traumatic
Forced is cultural
Voluntary is economic
Sources and Destinations of Refugees
Migration Transition






Developed by Wilbur Zelinksy
Applies migration patterns to the Demographic
transition
Stage 2 countries experience international migration
Stage 3 & 4 experience internal migration
Stage 2 countries have high amounts of emigration
Stage 3 & 4 countries have high amounts of
immigration
Characteristics of Migrants




Ravenstein concluded that migrants typically follow
certain patterns
Most migrants are male- the farther the distance the
more likely they are male
Most migrants are adults
Since 2000 and tougher enforcement laws migration
characteristics have changed




More families are moving over permanently
Need to move just once
The tougher laws make multiple trips harder
This means more women and children are migrating
U.S. Immigration Patterns

1st era- Settlement of colonies and slave trade


2nd era- Europeans migrating to U.S.


400,000 were slaves
40 million to U.S.
3rd era- Latin America and Asia


7 million (Asia) 13 million (Latin America)
Immigration Reform and Control Act
Impact of Migration to U.S.


Immigrants today are not entering a growing country
(frontier) but a highly settled region where there is
competition
Cultural backgrounds travel with immigrants which shape
the country


Christianity
Government and economic structure and colonial
conflicts
Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants
have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.
Undocumented Immigration


BCIS estimates that there are 7 million illegal immigrants
Each year it grows by 350,000




Expired visas or border crossers
It is illegal to hire an illegal immigrant
Most of the time immigrants are deported back to
Mexico if caught…no penalities
Texas, Florida, California and New York
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another
25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations
include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.
Intervening Obstacles




In the past, obstacles have been transportation
issues
Other physical obstacles like mountains and
water have hindered migration
Today’s migrants face obstacles not from physical
or transportation issues, but cannot move due
to lack of passports or legal documentation.
All countries require some sort of legal
documents to allow you into their country
Obstacles to Migration

Immigration policies of host countries
 U.S. quota laws
 Temporary migration for work
 Time-contract workers
 Economic migrants or refugees?

Cultural problems living in other countries
 U.S. attitudes to immigrants
 Attitudes to guest workers
U.S. Quota Laws
Established in the 1920’s
 Set limits on legal migration
 Changed in 1965, 1978 to eventual global
quotas
 480,000 family (chain migration) 120,000
employment immigration
 Typically only skilled workers are granted visas
 Brain Drain in countries where they emigrated
from

Economic Migrant or Refugee?
 Cuba, Haiti
and Vietnam
 Mariel boatlift
 Cubans were viewed as refugees because
Castro was an ally of the Soviet Union
 Coup created refugees in Haiti
 Communist North Vietnam
 Very important to distinguish status
Prejudice against migrants
Early European immigrants faced prejudice
 CA voted to deny immigrants access to public
services
 Kuwait expelled Palestinian guest workers
 Fiji wanted only Fijians to control government
and Indians to run business
 Anti-immigration is attractive

Why do people migrate within a country?
Interregional migration developed U.S. frontier
 Population centers moved steadily west
 Interior-1830



Great Plains-1880


Low land prices, canals, steam powered boats
Farming improved, steel plows, well drilling
South- 1980

Job opportunities, sunbelt
Migration between regions of a country
Interregional Migration
United States
Other Countries
•Changing center of population
•The center of population has
moved west as our country
became settled
•Transportation helped the
interior of the U.S. to be
settled (think Gold Rush)
•Agriculture technology
helped the Great Plains
become settled
•Increase in job opportunities
in the South caused the
growth as well as the climate
•African American
migration
•Russia
•Important to develop areas near
raw materials
•Kosomol policy was used to
encourage young students to
work
•Brazil
•Moved capital to Brasilia to
promote interior development
•Indonesia
•Government program to
encourage development of
islands and to move people away
from Java
•Europe
•Southern Italian moving to
Northern Italy for jobs
(Mezzogiorno)
Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.
Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S.
during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.