Transcript Folie 1

Forum Agroforstsysteme
14./15. Mai 2009
Assessment of ecosystem services provided by
agroforestry systems in Europe
Dirk Freese1, Christian Böhm1, Ansgar Quinkenstein1,
Jens Wöllecke1, Reinhard F. Hüttl1,2
Brandenburg University of Technology
Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation
Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam - German
Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)
Forum Agroforstsysteme
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Content
• EU policy in agriculture (soil protection, cross
compliance, subsidy payment)
• Selected research projects related to land use and
agroforestry
• The way to Ecosystem Services
• Research for the future
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Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection (EC 2006)
= declares that for sustainable development, soils (soil functions) need
to be protected from degradation.
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The main threats to soil functioning abilities are identified as
(1) decline in organic matter
(2) soil erosion
(3) compaction
(4) salinisation
(5) landslides
(6) floods
(7) contamination
(8) sealing
Threats 1-5 are area and soil specific in their appearance
Forum Agroforstsysteme
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EC Policy and Land Use
Cross Compliances
is a mechanism that links direct
payments to compliances by farmes
with basic environmental standards
( due to VO (EG) 1782/2003 )
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→ “protection against erosion”,
preservation of organic matter and soil
structure, preservation of permanent
grassland etc.
since 2007 farmes receive bonuses for
site-specific actions in rural areas →
e.g. extensivation and forest
conversion activities
→ direct payments used to
compensate the higher standarts in
EC for environmental protection, food
and fodder safety
EU-area subsidy for farmers
EC-member states can choose between
2 models during the implementation
of CAD
• single payment scheme
• regional area subsidy
→ all subsidies in region divided to
agricultural areas
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dynamicly combinated model in
germany from 2005 to 2013
national average in a federal state of
328 €/ha (302 €/ha in Hesse, 326
€/ha in lower saxony)
→ single payment scheme endures
till 2013
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the issue:
Land use changes and sustainability impacts
Globalisation
Bioenergy
European Policies
Cultural heritage
Biodiversity
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Rural development
Water regulation
Food demand
Soil conservation
Land abandonment
Caspar David Friedrich
Einsamer Baum, 1822
Hellmich, 2009
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SAFE : Silvoarable Agroforestry For Europe
European Union Contract n° QLK5-CT-2001-00560
August 2001-January 2005
The SAFE project will develop biophysical and socioeconomic tools to inform farmers and policy-makers of
the potential for silvoarable agroforestry to contribute to
the integrated and sustainable development of
European rural areas.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) UMR
Systèmes de Culture Méditerranéens et Tropicaux 2, Place
Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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SENSOR:
Sustainability Impact Assessment:
Tools for Environmental, Social and Economic Effects of
Multifunctional Land Use in European Regions
EU FP6 Integrated Project - Priority Area 1.1.6.3 "Global
Change and Ecosystems"
Tools for Impact Assessment
Duration: Dec 2004 - May 2009
Coordination:
Research (DE)
Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape
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Research projects related to Agroforestry,
Biomass and Ecosystem
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Initial Ecosystem Development (SFB-Transregio 38), German Research Foundation
Innovative Network of Climate Adaptation in the Region Brandenburg Berlin (INKA
BB) (BMBF)
Economic and Ecological Assessment of Agroforestry Systems in Agricultural
Practice (FNR)
BAtroS: Soil Melioration and Land Use Systems for dry sites (BMBF)
Biomass production and Phytoremediation (German Railway, DB)
ANFOREK, Energy landscape and agriculture, Vattenfall Mining&Generation AG
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Agronetwork Biomass
Dendrom „Future Resource Dendromass"(BMBF)
Sensor - Sustainability Impact Assessment: Tools for Environmental, Social and
Economic Effects of Multifunctional Land Use in European Regions: Module 6:
Sustainability issues in sensitive regions, EU
Optimum Humus Content of Soils in Germany (UBA)
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Agrowood
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Agroforestry practices in Europe (Rigueiro-Rodríguez et al., 2008)
Agroforestry practice
Brief description
Silvoarable
agroforestry
Widely spaced trees inter-cropped with annual or perennial crops. It comprises alley
cropping, scattered trees and line belts.
Forest farming
Forested areas used for production or harvest of natural standing specialty crops for
medicinal, ornamental or culinary uses.
Riparian buffer strips
Strips of perennial vegetation (tree/shrub/grass) natural or planted between
cropland/pastures and water sources such as streams, lakes, wetlands, and ponds to
protect water quality.
Multipurpose trees
Fruit and other trees randomly or systematically planted in cropland or pasture for
the purpose of providing fruit, fuel wood, fodder and timber, among other services,
on farms and rangelands.
Silvopasture
Combining trees with forage and animal production. It comprises forest or woodland
grazing or woodland grazing and open forest trees.
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Implementation of Alley Cropping / SRC in Germany
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Low-input system over longterm (fertilization, soil tillage
etc.)
• Combination with organic
farming
• Ecological benefits
• Economic benefits
• High investment per ha
• Long-term return of money
• No long-term lease contracts
(>20 years)
• Modern crop production
technology/ machinery
• Maintenance of EU area
subsidy ?
• Low flexibility to agricultural
policy
• Relatively low yields
Farmers protest
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1. A biophysical assessment
• evaluation of the potential to produce biomass and food
• modelling of system interactions
• identification of performance, limits and constraints on different
areas (e.g. degraded areas and post-industrial regions)
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Location of study site in Brandenburg state (Germany)
Europe
Brandenburg
Berlin
Cottbus
study area
Germany
Böhm et al., 2009
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Energy landscape Welzow-South
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area: 170 ha
location: open mining
Welzow-South
establishment: since 2005
area
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Trial field biomass production
50 m (4 · 10m + 2 · 5m)
Hybride 275
AF2
Inger
Tordis
Max 1
Tordis
Max 1
Hybride 275
AF2
Inger
AF2
Inger
Tordis
Max 1
Hybride 275
Max 1
Hybride 275
AF2
Inger
Tordis
55m (5 · 9m + 2 · 5m)
Nelder-plot
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established in spring 2009 (2 x 520 plants)
Investigation of the effect of different planting densities
on the biomass production of poplar and black locust
SRC-Plot
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established in spring 2008
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growth experiment with 3 poplar- and 2 willow-clones
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alltogether 20 plots with 100 plants each
other
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Trial plot with acer (establishment 2009)
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Trial plot with Arundo donax (establishment 2009)
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Energy forest
Establishment of the energy forest
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2005: 13,2 ha SRC (black locust)
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2006: 8,6 ha SRC (black locust)
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2007: 11,7 ha SRC (black locust)
Project
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Short rotation coppice of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
measurements on a regular cycle:measures of plant growth, site- and
plant-parameters, element and nutrient cycle, ecology and economy
rotation 4 years: the first harvest (winter 2009) resulted in an average
biomass productivity of 3 t ha-1 a-1 for the first rotation
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Alley cropping
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established in 2007: 20,2 ha alley cropping (8,2 ha black locust / 12,0 ha
farmland)
width of field strips: 24 m and 12 m, width of coppice strips: 11 m (4 double rows
black locust)
measurements on a regular cycle: water and nutrient household, micro-climate,
biomass production, biodiversity, economical measures
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Alley Cropping Design
2010: 70 ha Alley Cropping AG Forst e.G. (Germany)
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Alley Cropping in
Welzow-Süd
2010
Computer simulation
2012
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Biomass (g*tree-1 )
Biomass yield of Robinia pseud. and
populus after different years of rotation
Prediction of yield of Robinia pseud.
with the yieldsafe model (up to 10
years; red dots measured data)
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14./15. Mai 2009
2. An evaluation of the carbon and nutrient budgets
• investigation of the impact of C sequestration for soil organic matter
and biomass pools as well as of microclimate modification by trees
on soil organic matter stabilization processes
• evaluation of the nitrogen and phosphate dynamics
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Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales
1978–2003
Rate of change
(g kg-1 year -1)
P. Bellamy et al. in NATURE, 2005.
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Source: Florencia & Nair (2004)
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Benefits of C sequestration
Ecology
• Increase of SOM content and soil fertility
• Total compensation of about 20% of fossil fuel emission
Economy
• Higher production potential at more fertile soils
• Emission trading
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Phosphate Issue in Europe = Impact on food
production and water quality
– P surplus from fertiliser impacts primarily water quality
– Highest values in Belgium and the Netherlands, northern Italy and
northern Spain, reflecting areas of high P use in agriculture
– Specific policies to minimise P surplus, e.g., Denmark
– On average, CAP reform reduced P surplus across Europe, with large
reductions (>25%) in Romania and France, but not consistent across
Europe
(SENSOR, 2009)
Phosphate Distribution in Soil (simplified)
Fe/AL - P
3
exchangeable
P
Ca - P
Organic P
98% of Pt
4
1
soil solution
P
2
1,99% of Pt
0,01% of Pt
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Development of available phosphate
in soils of Brandenburg/ Germany
%
P balance 1961 - 1998
Korea
Vietnam
China
Syers et al., 2002
P deficiency is unevenly distributed in the tropics, covering an area estimated at
over 2 billion ha.
Soil P deficiency may be due to low P-status of parent material, weathering,
long-term anthropegenic mis-management through imbalance between nutrient
inputs and exports, loss by erosion and surface run-off. (Fairhurst et al., 1999, ISRIC)
Forum Agroforstsysteme
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3. An assessment of landscape biodiversity
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assessment of the potential impact of agroforestry on biodiversity at
landscape scale
– Stepstone to optimize habitat connectivity
– Conservation of metapopulations
evaluation of the impact of the selected tree species in homogeneous
arable lands
– Survival habitat for field species
investigation of the relationship between biodiversity and the proportion of
the area occupied by non-arable (including agroforestry) and arable habitats
– further research needed
(see Poster Böhm et al. „Biodiversity in Agroforestry systems“)
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14./15. Mai 2009
4. Valuing the benefits and sustainability
• exploration of the sustainability functions and socio-economic crosscutting issues of agroforestry systems
• valuation of ecosystem services using indicator systems
• valuation of economic benefits of commercial and experimental
agroforestry practices
• assessment of the current state-of-the-art thinking on the
ecosystem and economic benefits of integrating trees on farms - for
energetical or substantial applications
(identification of best practice)
Forum Agroforstsysteme
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Ex-ante impact assessment of land use changes
Driver
• Driving forces: economy, policy
Assumptions
• Scenario storylines
• Economic adjustments
Pressure
• Land use changes
State
• Bio-geophysical indicators
• Socio-economic indicators
Models
Impact
• Sustainable Development
Values
Response
• Up to desicion maker
Actions
SENSOR, 2009
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14./15. Mai 2009
Research issues
Brain Storming
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Development of a decision support system for valuing Ecosystem Services
• quality criteria of ecosystem functions
• criteria for selecting indicators (SWOT analysis)
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Thank you for your attention
!