Transcript REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Ms. V. Redmond, Presentation Wexford, 2011
• A Region is an area on the earth’s surface which is
different to all areas around it. It has different
characteristics e.g. physical (climate soils, rocks,
drainage), cultural, administrative, economic, human.
World Climatic Regions
• Where: Western Europe - From Northern Norway to North West Spain
(including Ireland)
• Temperatures: Summer average 15 - 17 (can go to 23) Degrees, lower
averages along coasts, higher inland (South Westerlies=Trade winds /
North Atlantic Drift=warm current). Winter average 4 - 5 Degrees Moderating influences of S. Westerlies / North Atlantic Drift current.
• Precipitation: all year round - Cyclonic and Relief Rainfall but with
Winter Maximum 750mm (Rain Shadow Dublin)- 2,600mm (West)
• Effects: Positive (irrigation) and negative (leaching) effects of
precipitation on soils
• Upland terraced limestone region with beds of rock dipping gently
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to South and covered by shale in some parts - KARST
LANDSCAPE
Formed when African and European Plates collided - Munster
mountains were folded at this time also (Armorican Foldings)
Soil cover eroded by glaciers and early farmers and strong coastal
winds
Large expanses of Limestone Pavements (Clints & Grikes)
containing Swallow Holes, Uvalas, Poljes and few surface
streams
Underground Passages and Caverns
Unique Flora and Fauna
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• Underground and
Surface features
result from the
process of
CARBONATION
H2O + CO2
H2CO3
[carbonic acid] which
dissociates to:
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- and
the proton reacts with calcite:
CaCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq)
Ca++ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O
• IRELAND - SINGLE TIER SYSTEM
Central Government
County Councils/City Councils/ Boroughs
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•Dates back to Norman times 12th Century
•By mid 13th Century we had 8 counties
•1606 - 1994 26 counties
•1994 Dublin subdivided into 3 new counties Dublin,Fingal, Dun Laoghaire - Rathdown
•Many county boundaries are distinguished by
natural physical boundaries eg River Slaney/
Wicklow Mountains
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• CITY COUNCILS - 5 - Dublin, Cork, Waterford,
Galway, Limerick - The suburbs of these areas have
grown so much that in some cases they are spreading
into neighbouring councils eg Limerick into Clare
County Council
• BOROUGH & TOWN COUNCILS
BOROUGH COUNCILS -The 5 medium sized towns
below the city councils eg Wexford Town
TOWN COUNCILS - 75 of these eg New Ross
• REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS - Not an
effective Regional level of admin in Ireland. We have
Regional Authorities but they really only cater for
specific elements eg Health
andSPCTourism
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 Multiple
Tier System
 Central Government
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Regional
Governments
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92 Departments
• System dates back to French Revolution after which the
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pattern of local government based on the department was
developed. These were all approximately the same size in
terms of area and population and also ensured that all areas
within them had the same focus on culture
Responsible for a number of functions - social services/coordinating urban and regional planning
Prefet is the administrative officer and is centrally appointed
One main town is the focus for each department
Aftre World War 2 (1955) 22 Regional Centres were formed
but had little power
1970 - Policy of Decentralisation to give them more power Regional Assemblies and Direct Elections Helped develop
cities such as TOULOUSE
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Mostly defined by distinctive
Language/Religion
Language Regions - Gaeltacht (Ireland)/ Belgium
GAELTACHT 1.6 Million claim to speak Gaeilge!
Only used everyday in Fior Gaeltacht
1925 ( Commission for Irish Speaking Districts) Broken into Fior Gaeltacht and Breac Gaeltacht
Gaeltacht Regions reducing in size (2002 Census 86,500 people) Why?
Government system of Positive Discrimination in
Gaeltacht Region - Grants/Incentives
• Flanders
• Wallonia
linked to Netherlands
• Historically poor - Prospered
since 1960’s attracting growth
industries to places such as
Antwerp
• Brussels is the capital of
Belgium and located here but
is Bilingual
prosperous based on coal &
steel in Sambre-Meuse Valley
• Collapse of these industries
in 1950’s led to massive
decline - (Maladjusted
Region)
• Flemish speaking, culturally
• Mainly French speaking
• During 1800’s became
• German Enclave
• Territory received from
Germany after WW 1
• Flanders has received much industrial investment but
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still feels under threat from the more dominant French
language in the south
Possible break up of Belgium has been averted many
times
This led to fundamental governmental reforms and the
creation of a Federal Government which recognises all
three regions - each has a certain amount of Autonomy
Flemish display a defensive attitude over the spread of
French and have created a new Pro Flemish political
party - Vlaams Belang
REGIONS IN IRELAND
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• A model that helps explain differences in
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economic development
Economic development does not affect all
areas in the same way.
Some regions develop strongly because of a
number or factors eg. Raw materials/strategic
location for trade
Other areas may not develop to the same
extent because of poor resources/unfavourable
environments/poor access to trade routes
Regions shown on maps depends on
scale
Large scale shows a large area but little
detail e.g. world map – 1: 1,000,000cm
Small scale shows a small area but a lot of
detail e.g. street map of Dublin – 1:16000
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGION
• All regions have different chacteristics but some characteristics are
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the same.
AREA: Regions occupy an area of the earths surface that is different
from all other areas around it.
BOUNDARIES: Regions are seperated by boundaries from
surrounding regions. Some boundaries are clear e.g. mountain
ranges, rivers. Some boundaries are not clear e.g. local government
boundaries e.g. Mayo co. council v Castlebar Town Council.
IMAGE: By naming a region people can conjure up an idea of a
place e.g. France – Eiffel Tower, Garlic , USA – McDonalds,
Disneyland, Gaeltacht – Aran sweaters, Thatched cottages.
CHANGE: Regions change over time e.g. Dublin –Why? – Transport,
Industry. Urban Sprawl, Satellite Towns, Suburbs, Commutor Belts.
REGIONAL DEFINITIONS
• CORE REGIONS - A core region is the
wealthiest part of an area of land. It is the
centre of economic,political and
administrative life in a region e.g. Dublin,
Paris Basin, Manchester-Milan-Berlin axis
= core of EU.
• Usually the capital of a country is in the
core region.
PERIPHERAL REGIONS
• A peripheral region is a region which is
distant from the core and lacks economic,
political and administrative investment e.g.
BMW, Mezzogiorno, Greece, Scottish
Highlands
• Usually the poorest part of the country.
• Usually will have negative aspects to its
physical geography eg drought, boggy
soils
MALADJUSTED REGIONS
REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL DECLINE:
These are regions which were once
dependent on an industry or natural
resource which is now in decline or has
declined e.g. Sambre - Meuse (coal),
Greater Cork Area
• CORE - South &
• Periphery - BMW
East
Study under these
headings
Study under these
headings
• Physical Processes
• Economic Processes
• Human Processes
• Physical Processes
• Economic Processes
• Human Processes
Regional Contrasts in Ireland
BMW - SOUTH & EAST
Each Region to be studied under these headings
Physical Processes
Relief
Climate
Soils/Drainage
Economic Processes
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Human Processes
Rural-Urban Divide
Population Structure
Migration
Sketch Region
2 Main Urban Areas
2 Drainage Features
2 Relief Features
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Migration – Causes and Consequences
Birth Rates/Death Rates
Rural Depopulation
Urbanisation – Positives/Negatives
Openess to Change
Education Opportunities
Employment Opportunities
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Population Decline since Famine Times – Migration
Aprx. 50% of total area but 27% of population
Few large urban areas – Galway biggest @ 50,000 (Dominant
Urban Area)
Lack of Education Facilities – One of the seven Universities –
Most young students leave for education and do not come back
Low rates of natural increase due to low birth rates due to so
few young people left – Ageing Population
Gaeltacht areas find it very difficult to attract FDI (Foreign
Direct Investment)
Some In migration during 1996-2006 due to Celtic Tiger
Economy
Population decrease = Decpletion of Infrastructure
Tradition = Extensive Agriculture = Poor Development
CORE REGION - PARIS BASIN
Each Region to be studied under these headings
Physical Processes
Relief
Climate
Soils/Drainage
Economic Processes
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Human Processes
Rural-Urban Divide
Population Structure
Migration
Sketch Region
2 Main Urban Areas
2 Drainage Features
2 Relief Features
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Population of the City of Paris (Ile de France) doubled between
1921-2004 to aprx. 12 Million but the Greater Urban area has a
population of 22 Million- 1/3 of French population (Huge
suburbs and New Towns – Evry/Marne-lá-Valée)
Ile de France – High density/Birth Rate 15 per 1,000 – Death
Rate 7 per 1,000- Natural Increase of 0.8% means an increase
in population before migration is taken into account
Contrast with France in general- Birth Rate 12 per 1,000 and
death rate of 9 per 1,000
Outskirts of the Paris Basin are experiencing net Emmigration
while Ile de France is experiencing net Immigration
40% of all foreign migrants in France live in Paris Region
13% of the region's population are migrants – mostly from
North and West Africa (Former Colonies) and Portugal
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Lack of jobs and stricter migration control has slowed
migration into the region in past ten years
Many French people have left parts of the Ile deFrance and
some of these areas have been replaced by migrant ghettos
Unemployment has led to ethnic instability and Paris riots in
early 2000's
Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism – Dress codes in schools
Overcrowding/High Cost of living/Inner city
decline/deindustrialisation = Major Human problems
Urban Renewal projects have tried to improve parts of the city
– Develipment of 8 Nodes (centres) in the greater Paris region
(modern housing/employment opportunities/improved
services) Example of one is Lá Defense
Also New Towns built outside the Ile de France with
populations of over 100,000/good range of services and
employment eg. Evry/Marne-le-Vallée)
• Ireland - Greater Cork Area
• Belgium - Sambre-Meuse Valley
• United Kingdom - South Wales
• Core Region of Belgium has changed from Wallonia - Flanders
• 1750 - 1950’s major coal and steel/associated industries base
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around major coalfields of the area - Kampen/Liege/SambreMeuse
Engineering/chemicals/iron and steel
Decline due to new cheaper imports/decline in coal and
steel/new cheaper sources of energy (oil/gas)/ new technologies
= DEINDUSTRIALISATION
Flow of people to North/Loss of industry to North led to Flanders
becoming the new core of Belgium
Wallonia became an Objective 2 Region - Attempts by government
and EU to REINDUSTRIALISE the region eg. Charleroi
Airport/Caterpillar
Since 1960 Flanders has experienced significant economic growth
- Antwerp/Zelzate
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EU designated the area Objective 2 (Convergence
Region) – Structural Funds from The Common Regional
Policy
Investment in transport network -motorways to
Randstad/Rhur/Paris
Development of new Industrial Estates near citiies such
as Charleroi/La Louviere
Upgrading of airports to International standard eg.
Charleroi (Ryanair Hub)
Cleaning up of derelict landscape to make it more
attractive for investment
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• 1973 - Ireland joined EEC - Began process of INDUSTRIALISATION
• Verholme Shipyard/Oil Refinery/Ford/Dunlop/Irish
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Steel/Sunbeam Textiles added to traditional industries eg
processing - Cork became a Growth Centre for the National
Economy
1980’s Recession - Industrial decline hit the Cork area. Long
established industries closed down. MNC’s eg. Ford & Dunlop
closed the branch plants in Cork - DEINDUSTRIALISATION Massive unemployment
1990’S - REINDUSTRIALISATION - due to booming world economy
Lots of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) led by IDA
PFIZER/JOHNSON&JOHNSON/WYETH/APPLE/BOSTON
SCIENTIFIC
Unlike Wallonia Cork has recovered
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• 60% of Irish people live in cities and towns - Dublin has by far the
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largest proportion - Primate City
Ireland - One of least urbanised in Europe (European Average 80%)
Dublin’s development traced back to Vikings - SiteWoodquay,Christchurch/ Lowest bridging point -Further
developed by Nornans and Plantations
Situation - Deep sheltered bay on East Coast development of
infrastructure focused here/Liffey Valley providing access to
central lowlands/
Agricultural Hinterland - Market City
Large population - led to development of Industries and Services
eg Guinness/Intel - IFSC/Transport system centralised in Dublin
Urban Sprawl - Eastwards and Northwards
and along coast but
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restricted by Irish Sea and Dublin/Wicklow mountains
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PERIPHERAL REGION
MEZZOGIORNO
Each Region to be studied under these headings
Physical Processes
Relief
Climate
Soils/Drainage
Economic Processes
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Human Processes
Rural-Urban Divide
Population Structure
Migration
Jim Ryan SPC
Sketch Region
2 Main Urban Areas
2 Drainage Features
2 Relief Features
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Drainage Features Agri/Sinni Rivers
flowing into Gulf of Metapontino
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40% of Italy's territory
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36% of population
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25% of GDP
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50% of
agricultural employment
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• Pre 1950's – most
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employed in
Farming/Fishing
Very Low incomes – 50% of
average
Latifundia – Extensive
Farming-Hiltops
Only1/4 owned own land
70% of holdings smaller
than 3 Hectares of poor
land
Minifundia –
overgrazing/overcultivatio
n= soil erosion
• Post 1950 land
reform/Casa per il
Mezzogiorno
• Land redistribution larger
holdings 5-50 hectares
• Retraining = more
Intensive farming-new
machinery/new cropscitrus and
olives/vines(cash crops)
for large EU market- 2
seasons
• Irrigation eg Gulf of
Metapontino(was malaria
swamp)-5 rivers (coastal
lowlans now the most
area)
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• Pre 1950's – most
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employed in
Farming/Fishing
Very Low incomes – 50% of
average
Latifundia – Extensive
Farming-Hiltops
Only1/4 owned own land
70% of holdings smaller
than 3 Hectares of poor
land
Minifundia –
overgrazing/overcultivatio
n= soil erosion
• Post 1950 land
reform/Casa per il
Mezzogiorno
• Land redistribution larger
holdings 5-50 hectares
• Retraining = more
Intensive farming-new
machinery/new cropscitrus and
olives/vines(cash crops)
for large EU market- 2
seasons
• Irrigation eg Gulf of
Metapontino(was malaria
swamp)-5 rivers (coastal
lowlans now the most
area)
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• Between 1960-2000
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workforce almost tripled to
1.4ml/reduction on
By 1950's only 17% of
Primary sector
Italian workforce in
dependance
Mezzogiorno
• 75% 0f new jobs in Steel
Government help-Casa per
/Chemicals/Engineering –
ilMezzogiorno/Grants/Tax
located on coast
Relief
• Inland areas remain
Infrastructure developeddepressed
Autostrada/Ports/Airports
• Most successful area=
State companies 80% of
Bari/Brindisi/Taranto
new investment
Deep water port@
Development of Industrial
Taranto=Oil
ZonesRefining/SteelMill
Brindisi/Palermo/Bari/
• Car Assembly@ LatinaNaples
Fronsione 16,000 workers
• SPC
Oil
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Traditionally very poorly developed – Fascist regime of
Mussolini and Mafia influence didn't help
Under Casa major investment in transport system – Autostrada
del Sol running from Swiss Border to toe of Calabria. Also other
large motorway connecting West to East of Mezzogiorno. Both
help to connect it to the Core
Port developments in South West have improved accessibility –
Taranto/Bari/Brindisi
Long hot dry summers thanks to anticyclone settling over the
South has helped develop tourist numbers
Also the historical Roman sites, expansive underdeveloped
beaches and coastal scenery have helped develop the tourist
sector
Cheaper than other Italian holiday areas eg. The Northern
Lakes and Amalfi coast
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Over 12 Million tourists now visit the Mezzogiorno annually
9 Million come from other parts of Italy – Need to further
develop foreign tourists to help bring in further revenue
Geomorphological sites are very popular eg. Mt Vesuvius near
Naples and Mt. Etna in Sicily
Herculaneum and Pompeii and the Isle of Capri are hugely
popular with tourists and bring valuable revenue to this area
The area is not overly commercialised unlike high profile
tourist areas of Spain, Portugal and France so still has a natural
feel to it
The tourist season in the Mezzogiorno should be able to
overcome seasonality which is a problem in other areas. This is
due to warm weather for large parts of the year particularly in
the East which also receives less rainfall due to the rain shadow
of the Apennines
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Subcontinental Region - India
Each Region to be studied under these headings
Physical Processes
Relief
Climate
Soils/Drainage
Economic Processes
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Human Processes
Rural-Urban Divide
Population Structure
Migration
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Sketch Region
2 Main Urban Areas
2 Drainage Features
2 Relief Features
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INDIA - BASIC STATISTICS
Geographical Location: Between latitudes 804’ and 3706’ North and longitudes 6807’ and 97025’ East.
Land Area: 3.29 Million Square Kilometers.
Climate: Mainly tropical with temperatures ranging from 100C – 400C in most parts of the country.
Capital: New Delhi.
Population: 1.147 Billion (estimated as at March 2008).
Population growth rate: 1.606% per annum.
Population density: 348 persons / square kilometer. (Population / land area in sqkm)
Life expectancy at birth: 66.28 years, male; 71.17 years, female.
Literacy rate: 65.47% (as per 2001 Census).
Languages spoken: Eighteen principal languages; majority speak Hindi; business language: English.
Major religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.
International Airports: Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Chennai, Dabolim, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kochi,
Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur, New Delhi, Shrinagar and Thiruvananthapuram.
Major Seaports: Chennai, Ennore, Haldia, Kandla, Kochi, Kolkata, Marmagao, Mumbai, New Mangalore,
Paradip, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatnam.
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3 Main Regions – Northern Mountains/Indus-Ganges
Plain/ Southern Plateau
NORTHERN MOUNTAINS
Extremely high and separate India from neighbours
Extend from Hindu Kush in North West to Himalayas
in North East containing Mt Everest and next 23
highest peaks in world
Formed by tectonic collision of Eurasian Plate
(Continental) and Indian Plate (Oceanic)
Collision caused uplifting at the convergent
boundary and formed fold mts approx. 35 Million
years ago (Alpine Fold System)
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Indus-Ganges Plain
A huge depression formed south of the fold mts..
Follows the Indus river valley from Pakistan through
Ganges valley and ends in Bangladesh as a double
Delta – Ganges/Brahmaputra
Covered in thousands of metres of rich Alluvial soils
washed down by Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra
which are swollen by summer meltwater from these
rivers causing flooding of their floodplains
Flooding is positive from soil formation point of view
but negative as valuable land can be destroyed
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Southern Plateaux:
The south is made up of a number of plateaux
Largest is Deccan Plateau which tilts from West to
East
2 mountain ranges – Western Ghats/Eastern Ghats,
border narrow coastal ranges
Both mountain ranges have an effect on onshore
winds and the amount of rainfall falling on the
peninsula area of India
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CLIMATE
Tropical Continental Monsoon – most of India is in
the Tropics
Frost only happens in mountains of North and North
West
Temperatures are generally high all year round but
summer maximum inland can reach 40c+
2 Seasons: Dry Monsoon/Wet Monsoon
DRY MONSOON
October-February cool winds blow outwards from
area of high pressure in centre of Asia. Dry winds
bringing freezing temperatures and snow to North
March-June these winds become warmer and can
bring temperatures up to 49c to Ganges Valley
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WET MONSOON
Mid June-September warm ocean winds are sucked in to a low
pressure area – 2 winds
First wind is a South-West monsoon from Arabian Sea. Air rises
to come in over Western Ghats and falls as intense relief rain
Second wind blows from Bay of Bengal and goes northwards
along Brahmaputra and Ganges river valleys – Can give up to
10,000mm over a six week period
The further west along the Ganges valley they go the lighter
the rains become. By the time they get to extreme North West
they have become dry and lead to Desert conditions
Monsoons bring essential water supplies to India and if they
are late or do not arrive at all can bring widespread famine to
the country as crops fail
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India has the same amount of cultivated land as in the
whole of the EU
Cereal production is the main type of farming
Holdings are small aprx. 0.5 Hectares – some have no land
at all
2/3 of India's population depend directly on the land
¼ of agricultural land owned by less than 5%
Intensive subsistence
Rice is main crop – also wheat and millet in drier Northern
areas
Very labour intensive – most done by hand
Double-Cropping is widespread. Rice grown in wet season
and other cereals grown in dry season
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The population is ever increasing which means output also
needs to increase – huge demand
Genetically Modified varieties of rice/wheat giving high yields
and resistant to disease/pests have been introduced - This is
the 'Green Revolution' and has led India to become a net
exporter of some foods
Largest livestock numbers in the world but of poor quality.
Slaughter of cows is outlawed in many states of India due to
religious beliefs (Hindu)
Most beef comes from malnourished cattle who have died of
old age and is not very nutritious
Agriculture totally dependent on the arrival of the 2 Monsoon
periods
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Large reserves of Iron Ore and Copper
Also Bauxite which makes Aluminium, Zinc/Gold/Silver
Oil reserves in the Arabian Sea and brought to shore in
Mumbai
Coal produced in West Bengal and Bihar
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Independence achieved in 1947 and only 2% of labour force
was employed in Industry at that time
Most industry concentrated on main cities (colonial legacy)
– Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai due to large cheap labour
force/large home market and natural resources(coal & iron)
New Indian govt focused on:
1. Agri-Industry – Food Processing/Fertilisers
2. Craft Industries – employing large amounts of people with
traditional skills
3. Rural Community based projects to reduce migration from
rural areas to cities
4. High tech industries – Computers/Engineering – located
mostly in Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai/Bangalore
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New growth sectors include call centres in cities
such as Mumbai and Bangalore
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New Capital City set up after independence – New Delhi- a
new urban centre to attract economic development
Major growth areas were also developed in the established
cities – shift focus from Industries developed during British
occupation
MUMBAI: Electronics/Pharmaceuticals (to add to
traditional industries such as food processing and textiles)
CHENNAI: Computer Software (to add to textiles and
light engineering)
KOLKATA: Cotton /Clothing/Jute/Heavy engineering
had always been here(British) but it became enhanced with
the development of the Indian owned TATA IRON AND
STEEL COMPANY
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Very poorly developed and typical of a poor population with
little money to spend on services
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2 Types of Services:
1. Regular Services for Wealthy members of society (5% of
population)
2. The Informal Sector (Black Market?) Unlicensed
vendors/street traders/organised begging
rackets/prostitution/drug dealing
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Transport
Very poor road infrastructure – most of rural India does not
have access to tarred roads suitable for cars and other vehicles
Many rural communities depend on dirt-tracks and cattledrawn carts
Tourism:
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India has such a vast and diverse landscape that it could
offer much for potential tourists:
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Mountain Climbing/Trekking – Himalayas/Ghats
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Religious temples – Hindu/Buddhist/Sikh/Muslim
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Rivers – Transport/Adventure/SpiritualityGanges/Brahmaputra/Indus
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Wide variety of wildlife
The problem is that the poor development of the country's
infrastructure and safety issues in cities along with
racial/religious tensions in areas such as Kashmir restrict
the potential of tourism
Poverty and disease can be off putting for potential tourists
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Population:
Population: 1.2 billion (1/4
of everyone on planet)
Only a quarter of them have
access to clean water
Half are illiterate
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Natural Increase – 1.6% per year -ie its population increases by aprx. 16
Million per year! This will continue as a trend as India's population is very
young
Estimates suggest the Indian population could reach 2 Billion by 2040
Death Rates are quite high despite improvements in healthcare
Large rural families due to social reasons (looking after
parents)/religious/cultural beliefs
Food supply is becoming a major challenge
Insufficient jobs for this population growth = further poverty
Rural-Urban migration is almost out of control
India has only recently entered the third stage of the 'POPULATION
CYCLE'
Population distribution is uneven. High population densities in the Ganges
river valley/coastal lowlands but low population densities in the interior
regions – areas such as Thar Desert/Mountainous regions
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India's culture has been influenced by:
Migration of Indo-Europeans
Spread of Islam
British Colonialism
India has over 1,600 languages and dialects (Disunity)
Schools teach 58 different languages
National newspapers printed in 87 different languages
These languages/dialects can be arranged into 2Main
Groups:
1. Indo-European
2. Dravidian
Hindi is the official state language – resented by other
language groups
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HINDUISM:
Multi-layered CASTE system – Highest ranked such as priests
(Brahmins) at the top. The bottom are the unclean (Untouchables)
It is frowned upon to socialise or marry outside your own caste –
happening somewhat now in large urban centres
Hindus regard cow as sacred
The dominant religion
ISLAM:
Introduced by traders
200 Million muslims in India
Most common in Indus/Ganges river basins
Not common in peninsular India
A growing religion – accepts converts disillusioned with other religions
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Sikhism:
Founded in 15th century
No caste system
Powerful cultural group
Focal area is the Punjab region
Buddhism:
A minority religion in India
Christianity:
A minority religion in India
Jim Ryan SPC
Jim Ryan SPC
74
– Creation of the two countries
Secular, mostly Hindu India
Muslim nation of Pakistan
1947
Conflict
between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir dates back
to British rule before partition.
India
and Pakistan are technically still waiting for a UN
decision on where the final border between the two countries
will be.
Civil
war has erupted repeatedly and sporadic fighting
continues along the boundary line. Both India and Pakistan
have nuclear weapons.