Transcript 슬라이드 제목 없음

Globalization and regional policies
in Korea
The 2nd Goldkronach Forum on the Relevance of Globalization to
Region and Local Development in Oberfranken
November 20-21 2008
Dr. Sangjun Lee
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
Contents
Ⅰ. Issues and Concerns in Regional
Development in Korea
Ⅱ. Territorial Plan and Regional policies
in Korea
Ⅲ. Globalization and international
cooperation in regional development
Ⅳ. Some implications
I . Issues and Concerns in Regional
Development in Korea
Korea in Brief
Territory: 99,678 sq km (2006)
Population:48,498,000(2006)
per Capita GNI: US$20,045 (2007)
Production:
Services, 57.2 %;
Mining and manufacturing, 28.2 %;
Construction, 9.1 %;
Agriculture, forestry and fishing,
3.2 %;
Electricity, gas and water supply,
2.3 %(2006)
2
 Korea is strong in 13 core industries
which take 80% of exports.
– IT/ Electronics
•
•
•
•
Wireless Communication Equipments
Computer/ Computer Equipments
Semiconductors(the best)
Household Electronic Appliances
– Machinery & Heavy Industries
• Machinery
• Steel(the best)
• Shipbuilding(the best)
– Automotive
• Automobile(No. 5)
• Autoparts
– Textile/Chemicals/Plastics
•
•
•
•
Petrochemicals
Plastics
Textile
Tire
3
Population Growth
■
Korea's population 48.5 million in 2006; 54.5 per cent
larger than 1970
<The Population Growth: 1970 to 2006>
population (000)
average rate of
population growth
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
31,435
34,679
37,407
40,420
43,390
44,554
45,985
48,498
2.06
1.57
1.56
1.43
0.53
0.63
0.5
Source: National Statistical Office, Each year, Population and Housing Census
4
Urbanization and SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area)
<The Changes in Residential Population by Region>
(Unit: 000, %)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
Total
24,989
(100.0)
30,852
(100.0)
37,407
(100.0)
43,411
(100.0)
44,609
(100.0)
46,136
(100.0)
47,279
(100.0)
Urban area*)
6,997
(28.0)
12,685
(41.1)
21,401
(57.2)
32,308
(74.4)
35,036
(78.5)
36,755
(79.7)
38,515
(81.5)
Seoul
2,445
(9.7)
5,536
(17.9)
8,364
(22.4)
10,627
(24.4)
10,231
(22.9)
9,891
(21.4)
9,820
(20.8)
SMA
5,198
(20.8)
8,731
(28.3)
13,279
(35.5)
18,583
(42.8)
20,189
(45.3)
21,346
(46.3)
22,767
(48.2)
Source: E. Mills and B. Song (1979). p. 8 and National Statistical Office, every 5 year Population and
Housing Census
Note: *) Urban area are the places where more than 50,000 inhabitants live.
* The total area of Korea is 99,678㎢, of which about 6.5%(606㎢) is Seoul and
about 11.8% (11,699㎢) is SMA.
5
Provincial administration
Seven Economic Regions
Nine Administrative
Regions
Seoul-MA
Gang-Won
Gyeonggi-Do
Gangwon-Do
Incheon
Chung-Cheong
Seoul
Dae-Gyung
Chungcheongbuk-Do
(Chungbuk)
Chungcheongnam-Do
C
( hungnam)
Gyeongsangbuk-Do
Daejeon
G
( yeongbuk)
Ho-Nam
Jeollabuk-Do
(Jeonbuk)
Gwangju
Dong-Nam
Daegu
Ulsan
Gyeongsangnam-Do
G
( yeongnam)
Busan
Jeollanam-Do
(Jeonnam)
Je-Ju
N
N
Jeju-do
0 10 30 50
100(km)
6
Regional Disparities in Korea
Economic
Population
Land
GRDP
Regions
(2006, mill.)
(㎢)
(%)
23.6
11,730
(49%)
(12%)
Chung-Cheong
4.9
16,572
(middle)
(10%)
(17%)
Ho-nam
5.1
20,629
(southwest)
(10%)
(21%)
Dae-Gyung
5.2
19,910
(middle-east)
(11%)
(20%)
Dong-Nam
7.8
12,342
(southeast)
(16%)
(12%)
Gang_Won
1.5
16,613
(east)
(3%)
(17%)
Jeju
0.5
1,848
(Island)
(1%)
(2%)
Total
48.5
99,644
Seoul
Metropolitan
Area
Source: National Statistical Office
48
11
10
10
17
3
1
888 billion USD
7
Urbanization and SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area)
■ Migration has also influenced housing demand.
- People have been migrating from backward rural villages to advanced
urban areas since 1960 shortly after when the first economic
development plan was initiated by late president Park Chung-Hee
■ the main reason of migration
- To find jobs
■ the reasons of migration in SMA
- New manufacturing activities was located in the major metropolitan
areas, especially in Seoul Metropolitan Area which includes Seoul,
Inchon, and Gyeonggi Province
■ The result of concentration in SMA, 11.8 per cent of Korea’s
total land area just under 100,000 sq km2
- In 1960, 20.8 per cent of the nation's population lived in the SMA,
but by 2006 this figure had increased to 49 per cent.
8
New Town Development in Seoul Metropolitan Area
<5 New Towns in SMA>
Total
Bundang
Ilsan
Pyongchon
Sanbon
Jungdong
Area(ha)
5,013.6
1,963.9
1,573.6
510.6
420.3
545.2
Planned population
(10,000 persons)
116.8
39
27.6
16.8
16.8
16.6
Population density /
ha
231
197
174
327
396
301
Planned housing
units(1,000units)
292
(281)
97.6
(94.6)
69.0
(63.1)
42.0
(41.4)
42.0
(41.4)
41.4
(40.5)
Floor ratio
-
184
169
204
205
225
Construction period
-
‘89. 8 ～
‘96.12
‘90. 3 ～
‘95.12
‘89. 8 ～
‘95.12
‘89. 8～
‘95. 1
‘90. 2 ～
‘96. 1
KNHC
Bucheon
city
KNHC
KLC
Developer
-
KLC
KLC
KLC
9
A Case of New Town Development: Bundang
■ Bundang
<Before>
<After>
<Master plan>
10
Issues and Concerns in
Regional Development
Major issues
 Spatial disparities resulting from overconcentration
of the Capital region(Seoul Metropolitan Area)
 Limited national competitiveness due to
low efficiency(high logistic and labor cost)
 Degradation of environment and quality of life
 Social conflicts surrounding territorial
policies(especially between SMA and other regions)
12
Consequences of Globalization on Regional
Development in Korea
 Competition between regions for attracting new
investments, especially FDI
 Widening the gab between winners and losers in
regional development
 Winners=Some regions where have nice
infrastructure and human capacity(Seoul
Metropolitan Area;SMA) with deregulation
 Losers=Regions, specialized with agriculture and
have bad accessibility
13
Concentration of the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Area
Population
Mfg. firms
Major universities
R&D institutions
Government agencies
100 Largest corporations
11.8%
47.6%
56.4%
65.0%
70.0%
85.0%
91.0%
14
Major concerns
 Need for a new paradigm of territorial management
in the era of globalization
 Decentralization policies opens new windows of
opportunities for local regions
 Increasing concerns for sustainable environment
and higher quality of life
 Importance of social cohesion and conflict
resolution regarding territorial issues
15
II . Territorial plan and Regional
Policies in Korea
History of the Territorial plan in Korea
Main Emphasis
The 1st plan
(1972-1981)
Construction of growth
centers
The 2nd plan
(1982-1991)
Restriction of the Capital
region
The 3rd plan
(1992-1999)
Promotion of local regions
The 4th plan
(2000-2020)
Integration of national territory
17
Background of the 4th plan
Regional policies became more important than ever
for:
 Balanced national development and
 National competitiveness
 Nature of the national territorial plan
 According to framework act on national territory:
It is a comprehensive plan indicating a long-term
development direction of national territory
Formulate a new national territorial plan
toward 2020
18
Characteristics of the new plan
Future and
Openness
Considering internal and international
changes in circumstances including
globalization
Efficient Use of
Existing Facilities
Balancing construction and
maintenance of infrastructure
Sustainability and
Humanism
Emphasizing environment
and people’s welfare
19
Major strategies of regional development
 Forming new (+Hexagonal) territorial structure
 Promoting regional competitiveness
 Managing national territory toward Northeast Asia
 Building networks of infrastructure
 Creating livable city and housing
 Sustaining environment and resources
20
Strategy 1 : Forming new (+Hexagonal)
territorial structure
21
Geoeconomic potential of
Korean peninsula
Russia
Continent
Vladivostok
Beijing
Pan-East Sea
Region
Pyongyang
Seoul
Central Asia
China
Europe
Japan Tokyo
Mokpo
Pan-Yellow Sea
Region
Busan
Osaka
Shanghai
China &
Southeast Asia
Pan-Pacific Ocean
Taipei
Hong Kong
22
Consequences of Globalization and economic
regionalization of Northeast Asia
 The emergence of
mega-regions,
especially along the
east cost of China
 The formation of
transborder regions
across the seas
together with the rise
of maritime Asia
23
Basic directions
 Building open territorial structure to serve as
“strategic gateway” in Northeast Asia
 Organizing networked territorial structure for
balanced regional development
Promoting “ + Hexagonal” territorial structure with
three coastal axes and six economic regions
24
Northeast Asia
“π + Hexagonal” territorial structure
in the era of globalization
Pacific Ocean
China, SE Asia
USA, Japan
Yellow Sea
East Sea
Russia
Eurasia
25
Strategy 2 : Promoting regional
competitiveness
26
Self-sustained development of regions
 Relocating central government’s agencies away
from the Capital region
 Developing innovate cities to accommodate
the public agencies from the Capital region
 Establishing regional innovation system and
industrial clusters in provincial regions
 Promoting regional strategic industries and
restructuring of industrial complexes
27
Specialized development of regions
 Systematic management of the Capital region to
enhance international competitiveness
 Promoting major provincial cities and small and
medium cities with higher-order functions
 Developing specialized clusters and institutional
support to revitalize less developed regions
 Developing infrastructure for tourism and cultural
industries
28
■ Innovative city
- Relocating public organization
<Concept of Innovative City >
5.
Government
- Industry, Research, Administration cluster
New growth area
Research
Industry
Gangwon(13)
Gyongbuk(13)
Chungbuk(12)
Daegu(12)
Adjacent City
University
Adjacent City
Jeonbuk(13)
Ulsan(11)
High-speed railway
Airport
Gwangju(18)
Busan(12)
Inn. City
Port
Jeju(9)
Gyongnam(12)
High-way
29
III . Globalization and international
cooperation in regional development
Strategies of central government:
1. Managing national territory toward
Northeast Asia
31
Cooperation with Northeast Asia
 Developing financial, business and logistics hubs
for economic exchange
 Establishing Northeast Asia Development Community
for infrastructure development and connection
 Promoting trade and exchange among regions
of Northeast Asian countries
32
Building Global Network by Rail
MONGOLIA
RUSSIA
Khabarovsk
TMR
TMGR
TSR
Harbin
Vladivostok
Shenyang
Beijing
Tianjin
TCR
Lianyungang
Dalian
KOREA
JAPAN
Seoul
Qingdao
Pusan
Gwangyang
Fukuoka
CHINA
Tokyo
Osaka
Shanghai
Major Port
Major Airport
Taipei
Hong Kong
Express Railway
Trunk Railway
Kaohsiung
33
Building Global Network by Highway
Asia Highway Network
34
Building Energy Network by Natural Gas
35
National Strategies: Functions of coastal axes
for International cooperation
West Coastal
Axis
International logistics and business,
new industrial clusters
South Coastal
Axis
International logistics and industrial
restructuring
East Coastal
Axis
North-South exchanges and tourism
36
National Strategies: Institutionalization of
Cross-Border Cooperation: across the border
 Establish cross-border cooperation agency and
working groups
 Lay out and discuss cooperation programs
 Establish operation funds by membership fee,
central government support, etc.
 Search for financing methods for cooperation
projects (ODA, project financing, the third
sector)
37
Strategies of central government:
2. Developing Free Economic Zones for
introducing FDI
38
Background of building Free Economic Zones
in Korea
 Because of the globalization of the world’s economy, there is
an urgent need to build a business hub to host international
industries
 The presence of major economic blocs (such as the EU,
ASEAN, NAFTA, FTA), the extension multinational enterprises,
and severe competition among regions/cities
There are currently three such zones situated in Incheon, Busan/Jinhae
and Gwangyang
39
Mission of Free Economic Zones
to foster an efficient business
environment with attractive
incentives
to establish new logistics hub of
Northeast Asia
to facilitate easier interaction of
the neighboring industries
Incheon FEZ
Busan/Jinhae
FEZ
Gwangyang FEZ
40
The Inchoen Free Economic Zone
Songdo International City: a Mecca for international business and high-tech
industry
Yeongjong Island: a hub of international logistics, tourism and leisure
Cheongna: global entertainment and theme park
41
Strategies of local government:
Introducing FDI through local initiative
- Gyungsangbuk-do and cooperation with
other local governments
42
Gyeongsangbuk-do
Population: 2.7 mil.
Land: 19026.06 km2
Density: 3556.37 (People/km2)
43
Regional Status
Economic
Population
Land
GRDP
Regions
(2006, mill.)
(㎢)
(%)
23.6
11,730
(49%)
(12%)
Chung-chung
4.9
16,572
(middle)
(10%)
(17%)
Ho-nam
5.1
20,629
(southwest)
(10%)
(21%)
Dae-Gyung
5.2
19,910
(middle-east)
(11%)
(20%)
Dong-Nam
7.8
12,342
(southeast)
(16%)
(12%)
Gangwon
1.5
16,613
(east)
(3%)
(17%)
Jeju
0.5
1,848
(Island)
(1%)
(2%)
Total
48.5
99,644
Seoul
Metropolitan
Region
Source: National Statistical Office
48
11
10
10
17
3
1
888 billion USD
44
Regional Issues of Gyeongsangbuk-do
Spatial Structure
 Decreasing & aging population
 Insufficient living infrastructure
 Lack of private investments
45
Strategies of Gyeongsangbuk-do
Building new Free Economic Zones based
on R&D
Building new international Airport
Strengthening inter-local and international
cooperation based on mutual benefits
Fostering Eco-tourism in inland regions
46
New Initiatives of Local Governments: Building
Cooperation Network with neighboring local
governments
City-Province Governor Committee on East Coastal
Circle
Area
Gangwon, Gyungsangbuk-do, Ulsan
Aim
Increase the relationship and set cooperation system
for joint development on Eastern Coastal area
Launch
2004
Content
- Establishing joint development segmentation of 'Peace sea
vision' by joint-study of 3 cities and province's `development
research institution,
- Built development and planning committee for Eastern
coastal area
- Efficient usage of 'Eastern Coastal area tourism
export council'
- Compose marine business council on Eastern coastal area 47
14
III . Some Implications
General Issues of Regional Development in the
era of globalization
Enhancing local Images
Improving business environment
Improving living environment
Building human capacities in local level
49
Some policy measures of Regional Development
in the era of globalization
Enhancing Competitiveness of regions
through central and local governments
- cooperation for oversee advertising
- financial support for some selected regions
- administrative support through special acts
50
Some policy measures of Regional Development
in the era of globalization
 Enhancing Competitiveness of regions through
international cooperation
- building “Cooperation Agreements” with regions in
foreign countries
- giving priority of financial support of central
governments to regions where have “Cooperation
Agreements”
- Actors of “Cooperation Agreements”: private
investments firms, banks, local governments
51
Thank you