Transcript Urban Geography - Chandler Unified School District

Urban Geography
Why do people live in cities?
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A CITY is a combination of people and
buildings. Cities generally serve as a center
of politics, culture, and economics
The term URBAN refers to the buildup of the
central city and the regions around.
In your notes, brainstorm a list of reasons
that people might have started to arrange
themselves into cities.
City Hearths Linked to
Agricultural Hearths
Five Hearths of Urbanization
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In each hearth surplus
and stratification
created conditions
necessary for cities
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Large scale construction
Record keeping
Divisions of labor
Government/leadership
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Mesopotamia 3500 bce
Nile Valley 3200 bce
Indus Valley 2200 bce
Huang He and Wei
Valleys, 1500 bce
Mesoamerica, 200 bce
Mesopotamia: Ur and Babylon
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Diverse architecture
Palaces/temples
Theocratic
Mud walls
Very few natural
geographic defenses
Nile River Valley
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Super stratified society
Pyramids were
government works
projects
Government structured
labor forces
Immense amounts of
record keeping
Geography impacted
government and culture
Indus River Valley
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Harappa and MohenjoDaro Cities
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Intricately planned
Grid cityscape
Standardized bricks
Houses equal in size
No palaces
No monuments
Huang He and Wei (Yangze)
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Purposefully planned
cities
Centered on a vertical
structure
Walls
Temples and palaces
Burial sites
Oracle bones
Mesoamerica
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Maya and the Aztec
Multistory constructions
symbolized status
Collective farming
projects
Theocratic centers
Monumental building
sites
Cities linked long
distance trade routes
Diffusion of Urbanization:
Greece
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Greek City-States
By 500 BCE, Greeks
were highly urbanized
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Network of more than
500 cities and towns
Each city had an
acropolis and an agora
Cities specialized in
different production
Organization spread
through Hellenization
Diffusion of Urbanization:
Rome
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Roman Cities: system of cities and towns
linked by miles of roads and maritime trade
systems
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Sites of Roman cities were trade links
Romans replaced the agora and the acropolis
with the FORUM
Huge levels of wealth disparity
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Public works programs
Urban building projects
Aquaducts= Infrastructure
Roman Trade Connections
The Second Urban Revolution
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A LARGE SCALE
movement of people to
cities
Labor in manufacturing
Huge divisions in labor
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MADE POSSIBLE
2nd Revolution
improved food
production
Increased surplus
Industrialization
Growth of cites around
industrial resources
Growth of urban environments
was linked to resource deposits.
Second Half of the 20th century
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Nature of
manufacturing has
changed
More mechanized, less
human
Rust belts created out
of once thriving
industrial districts
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Urban Function/Economy
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Basic sector – Brings money in from other places
based on a specialty industry
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Flint Michigan- Auto
Chapel Hill- Education
Cuppertio- Apple
Nonbasic sector – Shifts money withinresponsible for the functioning of the city itself
(service sector, e.g. teachers, office clerk, hair
dressers, retailers, yard dudes)
Economic base = ratio of basic to nonbasic
(always larger) workers
Multiplier effect – most large cities have a ratio of
1:2 (a new basic industry will create jobs in the
nonbasic sector, directly or indirectly)
Functional Specialization
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Employment structure – #
of people employed in
basic & nonbasic sectors
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Functional specialization –
Harris (1943); US cities
were closely identified w/
certain products
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As urban centers grow,
they lose their functional
specialization; rarely
occurs today (e.g. Las
Vegas – gambling; Vero
Beach – retirement)
25
20
15
East
West
10
5
0
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Major US Metropolitan Areas
• East: New York – Chicago – D.C. – Philadelphia
• West: L.A. – San. Fran. – Seattle, Phoenix
Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA)
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Used because city boundaries are tough
Central city and the immediate interacting
counties (commuters, functional region,
minimum 50,000)
Boundaries often overlap (Raleigh, Durham,
Chapel Hill)
Micropolitan Statistical Area
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10,000-50,000
Formal rural area reclassified
Rank-Size Rule
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A model that ranks cities in
a region by size
the population of a town is
multiplied by its rank, the
sum will equal the
population of the highest
ranked city.
In other words, the
population of a town ranked
n will be 1/nth of the size of
the largest city—the fifth
town, by rank, will have a
population one-fifth of the
first.
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Primate city
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The leading city of a
country
Disproportionately larger
than the rest
Rank/size rule doesn’t work
for a country with a primate
city
usually a progressive core,
and a lagging periphery, on
which the city depends for
labor and other resources
Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Over 70% of people in MDCs live in urban areas. Although under half of the
people in most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are urban, Latin America and
the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.
Human behaviors and Central
Place Theory
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Humans try to purchase goods from the
closest place
When demand for a good is high, it will be
offered close, when it is low availability drops
Threshold: minimum number of people
needed to sustain an activity
Low order goods vs. High order goods
Central Place Theory
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Walter Christaller: a SPATIAL theory to explain the
reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and
number of urban areas around the world
He uses economics to explain location
Assumed
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surface is flat with no physical barriers
Soil fertility is the same everywhere
Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
Region has uniform transportation network
Goods and services could be sold in all directions out to a
certain distance
Hexogonal Hinterlands
Urban Morphology
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The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Urban Morphology in Different
Regions
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European (medieval)
 Dense, narrow winding streets
 Ornate church at center (theocratic domination)
 High walls (feudalism)- modern world cities have jumped the
walls
Islamic
 Mosques at center, light surfaces, walls
 Open air markets, courtyards
 Dead end streets (limiting foot traffic)
Latin American
 Distinctive sectors of industrial and residential development
 Grand boulevards
 Elite residential sectors
Functional Zonation
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Division of the city into certain regions for
different purposes
Industrial, food processing, services,
entertainment, housing
Central Business District (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone
outside of the central city)
Modeling the North American
City
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Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
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Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
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Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and
Edward Ullman)
3 Classical Urban Structure
Models
Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding
the CBD.
Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors
extending out from the CBD.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers,
around which different people and activities cluster.
Edge Cities
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Suburban downtowns
Located near key
freeway
Often with
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Office complexes
Shopping centers
Hotels
Restaurants
Entertainment facilities
Sports complexes
Suburban Edge City: Focus
on Transportation
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Each realm is a
separate economic,
social and political
entity that is linked
together to forma larger
metro framework
Related to the concept
of suburbanization
Modeling Cities of the Global
Periphery and Semiperiphery
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Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)
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African City (de Blij model)
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Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
Griffin-Ford Model
Mexico City
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today
poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the
west.
Disamenity sector-poorest
parts of the city
Mexico
City
Favela in Rio de Janeiro
Many poor immigrants live in squatter settlements, or favelas, many of which are
on the hillsides around Rio.
De Blij Model
McGee Model
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city
and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.