Transcript Mississippi Studies

MISSISSIPPI STUDIES
Chapter 1
Pre-Test
• Get out a clean sheet of paper
• Number the paper 1 through 5 and answer the following questions
1. What were two of the main Indian Tribes in Mississippi?
2. Who were the first Europeans in Mississippi?
• A. Spanish
B. French
C. British
3. What is the average summer temperature in Mississippi?
• A. 70
B. 80
C. 90
4. Which of the following is considered the coldest month in
Mississippi?
• A. November
5.
B. December
C. January
Who discovered the Mississippi River?
• A. Hernando DeSoto B. Robert de LaSalle
C. D’Iberville
Early Mississippi History
• Mississippi has a deep history or Native Americans
• Many of our cities and counties have Native American names
• Even the name Mississippi is derived from Indian words meaning
Great River
Prehistoric Cultures
• Paleo Culture 10,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.
• Archaic Culture 8,000 B.C. – 500 B.C.
• Woodland Culture 500 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.
• Mississippian Culture 1,000 A.D. – 1,600 A.D.
Early Mississippi History
• Paleo Indians were the first people in Mississippi
• It is believed they crossed the land bridge connecting Alaska and Russia
• Mounds are the most visible legacy of the Native Americans
• Uses: religious temples, homes, and burials
• Emerald Mound in Mississippi is the 2 nd largest in the US
• Most Native Americans live in clans
• Clan – is a group of people who are related to each other
Early Native Americans
• Paleo
– Ice Age
– Earliest Americans crossed land bridge from Siberia into Alaska (and downward
from there)
• Archaic
– Climate warmer and drier
– Native Americans adjusted to climate and became less nomadic
• Woodland
– Highly organized societies in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys developed
– Built burial mounds over tombs
– Moundbuilders – lived alongside rivers and streams (see slides below)
– Villages grew larger and tied together politically
– Used bow and arrow
Mississippian
• built religious buildings and the homes of chiefs on top of their
flat, rectangular mounds
• Choctaw connect their early history with a mound called Nanih
Waiya [Na’-na Wai’-a] along the Pearl River in southeastern
Winston County
In Natchez
The Temple Mound at
Winterville
Mound sites in Mississippi
• Bear Creek
• Pharr
• Owl Creek
• Bynum
• Winterville
• Jaketown
• Nanih Waiya
• Pocahontas
• Boyd
• Emerald
• Grand Village
Mississippi Tribes (tribes in red indicate the
larger tribes)
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CHICKASAW (north Mississippi)
TAPOSA
CHAKCHIUMA
IBITOUPA
TIOU
YAZOO
HOUMA
KOROA
TUNICA
NATCHEZ (south Mississippi)
CHOCTAW (central Mississippi)
ACOLAPISSA
BILOXI
PASCAGOULA
CHOCTAW
• Connect early history with Nanih Waiya (Winston County)
• Had 25 to 30 villages and each person had a voice in government
• Major crop: maize (corn)
• One of three largest tribes
• The only major visible tribe in Mississippi today
• (Choctaw Code Talkers – Choctaw nation – not just Mississippi)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y0mmVxxr3w
NATCHEZ
• “Great Sun” chief lived on top of mound here
• Major crop: maize (corn)
• One of three largest tribes
• http://www.wlbt.com/story/15279745/emerald-mound-in-natchez
CHICKASAW
• Major crop: maize (corn)
• One of three largest tribes
MISSISSIPPIAN NATIVE AMERICANS
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Smaller tribes: Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi
Larger tribes: Chickasaw, Choctaw, Natchez
Major crop: maize (corn)
Well organized and had developed ways of life that fit into
environment (HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION)
• Each village included several clans (groups of related families)
• Punished criminals
• Protected individuals from violence
• Exogamy: practice of marrying outside the clan
• Polygyny: having more than one wife (occasionally,
a man in tribe had two wives)
• Built villages close to streams/creeks
• Religious beliefs: centered on sun and the sacred fires
(represented sun on Earth); believed in many spirits
associated with nature and animals
SPANISH EXPLORERS
• First to visit MS
• (1539-1542) Hernando de Soto explored area searching for gold
and silver
• Attacked north of Mobile by Native Americans but NA did not know
how to fight soldiers so were defeated
• Introduced horses/hogs to America
• MAIN OUTCOME: diseases spread from Spanish to Native
Americans who had no immunity to them
• Repeatedly attacked by Native Americans
• Reached Gulf of Mexico and sailed to Mexico
• Never returned
FRENCH EXPLORERS
• Visited MS after Spaniards
• Originally settled in Quebec, Canada and explored from there
• 1673: Louis Jolliet (trader) and Father Jacques Marquette
(missionary) sailed down MS River and reached present-day site
Rosedale, MS
• Turned around when they realized that river flowed into Gulf and not
Pacific Ocean
• 1682: Rene Cavelier, de La Salle, Henri de Tonti, and Father
Membre traveled down MS River and claimed region for France
• From 1699 to 1763, the future state of Mississippi was a part of
the French colony of Louisiana.
• During these years, the French explored the region, established
settlements and military outposts, engaged in political and
economic relations with the area’s American Indians, and sought
to establish a profitable economy
• Fort Maurepas – first permanent settlement in MS
French: built
Fort Rosalie in
1716 (Natchez)
BRITISH MISSISSIPPI
• MS officially part of province West Florida (1763) (included
southern halves of Alabama and MS as well as parts of Florida)
• 1783 Treaty of Paris (between US and Great Britain…peace
treaty of Revolutionary War): US controlled southern boundary
at 31 degrees north latitude
• Spain held territory south of that line (refused to give up
Natchez District which was north of line)
• Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) in 1795 in
which it recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary between Spanish
Florida and the United States.
SETTLEMENTS
• Spain, England, and France established colonial settlements in
eastern North America
• First European settlement in MS – Ocean Springs
• Mississippi ruled first by French, then English, and finally Spain
• Mississippi Territory - after centuries of control by several European
powers, the land that would become Mississippi became a part of
the United States at the close of the 18th century… April 7, 1798,
Congress created the Mississippi Territory
Mississippi Territory
• Most Europeans living in the territory lived along the MS River
• Natchez was the capital of the territory
• By 1817 the Mississippi Territory applied for statehood
• However the US Congress did not want to allow it to be a state
because it was too large
• As a result the split the territory
• December 10, 1817 MS became the 20 th state of the US
MISSISSIPPI’S
CLIMATE
Mississippi’s Climate
• Climate – conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time
• Weather – conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
• Humid subtropical climate (long hot summers; short mild winters)
• Average yearly temperature is 62 degrees
• Average summer temperature is 80 degrees
• Average winter temperature is 48 degrees
• January is the coldest month
• Receives about 55 inches of rainfall a year
• Because of MS’s climate agriculture is important to its economy
• Growing season
Storms
• Tornadoes
• Funnel shaped clouds that cause massive destruction
• Smith County in MS and the state of MS are the most likely places in the
nation to receive a tornado
• MS has more deaths from tornadoes than any other state
• Tornadoes are measured on the Fujita Scale
• The weather channel now also uses Tor:con
TOR:CON Value Descriptions
8+ Very high probability of a tornado 6 High probability of a tornado 4 Moderate chance of a tornado nearby, but
hail and/or high wind gusts possible 2 Low chance of a tornado, but hail and/or
high wind gusts possible 0 - Near-zero
chance of a tornado or a severe
thunderstorm
Storms
• Hurricanes
• Storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean with winds of at least 74 mph – 155
mph +
• They are measured on the Saffir-Simpson scale using numbers 1-5
• Usually called category
• There have been two major hurricanes in Mississippi
• Camille 1969
• Katrina 2005
REGIONS
Of Mississippi
Six Major Regions
1. Delta
• A flat, alluvial plain that runs along the banks of the MS River from
Memphis to Vicksburg
• The soil allows for the growth of large cotton crops
• Farming in the 1800s was based on Sharecropping
2. Loess Hills
• Their economy is based on cattle, light manufacturing, and industry
3. Red Clay Hills
• This area is ideal for crops especially cotton because there are few
trees
• Economy: trade, commerce, and industry
4. Northeast Highlands
• Woodall Mountain is the highest point in the state
5. Piney Woods
• This area was the center of the lumber and railroad industry at one
time
• As a result boom towns were created to provide for lumber and railroad
companies
• Hattiesburg and Laurel are two boom towns that are still successful
today
6. Gulf Coast
• MS has five barrier islands off the coast
• 1. Horn Island
• The largest
• Used for biological weapons testing
• 2. Cat Island
• It got its name from the French who thought raccoons were cats
• Used in WWII to train dogs for military service
• Hurricane Katrina washed part of the island away
• 3. Deer Island
• Closest to the coast
• It got its name because deer escaped to the island
• 4. Ship Island
• Hurricane Camille split the Island into two pieces
• It is the only deep water harbor between the MS River and Mobile Bay
6. Gulf Coast Continued
• 5. Petit Bois
• French for Little Woods
• The Mississippi Sound is the area of water between the barrier
islands and the coast
• The Gulf Coast was the first area to be explored and settled
• Their main economic activities are fishing and tourism