Transcript Unit One

Unit One
Connecting Themes Used
th
In 7 Grade Social Studies
5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
The five themes of geography were created in 1984 by
the National Council for Geographic Education and
the Association of American Geographers to
facilitate and organize the teaching of geography in
the K-12 classroom. While they have been
supplanted by the National Geography Standards,
they provide an effective organization of the teaching
of geography.
5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
The 5 Themes of Geography are:
1. Location-Geographic study begins with learning the
location of places. Location can be absolute or relative.
2. Place- Describes the human and physical
characteristics of a location.
3. Region-Region divides the world into manageable
units for geographic study.
4. Movement-Studies movement and migration across
the planet.
5. Human-Environment Interaction-How humans
adapt to and modify the environment
LOCATION- Place on a map
 ABSOLUTE LOCATION- Uses Latitude and
Longitude to locate a place on the map
ex.- Douglasville Ga. Is located at:
33° 44' 59" N / 84° 43' 23" W
 RELATIVE LOCATION- Use descriptive terms
to locate one place in relation to another.
ex.-The City of Douglasville, GA, is about 20
miles west of Atlanta in Douglas County.
PLACE-Describes the physical and human
characteristics of an area.
Physical Characteristics
include the geographic
features such as
landforms and climate
of an area.
GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES
(LANDFORMS)
 Mountain
 River
 Valley
 Ocean
 Sea
 Plateau
 Island
 Archipelagos
 Peninsula
 Gulf
 Plain
 Volcano
 Plain
 Desert
 Rainforest
 Savannah
 Delta
 Canal
 Strait
 Rift Valley
 Basin
 Continent
Climate There are 3 major climate zones on earth.
Temperatures in these three climate zones are
determined mainly by the location, or latitude, of the
zone.
1. Polar(High Latitude)-In each hemisphere, the polar zone
extends from the pole (90) to about 60 degrees latitude.
2. Temperate-In each hemisphere, the temperate zone is found
between 60 and 30 degrees latitude.
3. Tropical(Low Latitude)- In each hemisphere, the tropical
zone extends from 30 degrees north and south latitude to the
equator (0 degrees)
Climate
 Polar Zone-Within the polar zones, the
average yearly temperature remains below
freezing (below O degrees C). Polar
climates have no summer. Even during the
warmest months of the year, the average
temperature does not rise above 10
degrees C. There is little precipitation in
the polar zones.
Climate
 Temperate-In the areas of the temperate
zones farther from the equator, snow is
common in the winter. In the areas of
the temperate zones closer to the
equator, rain normally falls all year round.
But the average amount of precipitation is
about the same throughout the temperate
zones. Average temperatures in the
temperate zones vary greatly.
Climate
 Tropical-Tropical zones are also known
as low latitude climates. Tropical zones
have high temperatures and high humidity.
Precipitation in the tropical zones is
usually very heavy during part of the year.
The average temperature during the
coldest month of the year does not fall
below 18 degrees C.
Climate
 Marine and Continental Climates
Within each of the three major climate zones there
are marine climates and continental climates. Areas near
an ocean or other large body of water have a marine
climate. Areas located within a large land mass have a
continental climate.
Climate
Marine Climates
Areas with a marine climate receive more precipitation
than areas with a continental climate. Temperatures in
areas with a marine climate do not vary greatly. Areas
with a marine climate have warm (not hot) summers and
mild winters. This is because their nearness to a large
body of water has a moderating effect on the air
temperature.
Climate
Continental Climates
A continental climate is drier than a marine climate. There
is usually a great range in average temperatures during
the year. Areas with a continental climate have hot
summers and cold winters. Most of the world's deserts
that are located just north and south of the equator have
a continental climate.
PLACE-Describes the physical and human
characteristics of an area.
Human Characteristics
include such things as
government, religion,
language, economic system,
history, population and
culture of an area.
Human Characteristics
Government- the people and
groups within a society that
have the authority to make
laws, to make sure they are
carried out, and to settle
disagreements about them.
Government-There are many types
of government. Here are some of the
most common.
 Dictatorship
 Totalitarian
 Totalitarian
 Oligarchy
 Theocracy
 Democracy
 Monarchy
 Parliamentary
 Republic
 Anarchy
Government
 Dictatorship-Rule by a single leader
who has not been elected and may
use force to keep control. In a
military dictatorship, the army is in
control. Usually, there is little or no
attention to public opinion or
individual rights.
Example- Cuba
Government
 Totalitarian-Rule by a single
political party. People are
forced to do what the
government tells them and
may also be prevented from
leaving the country.
 Example- China
Government
Theocracy
A form of government where
the rulers claim to be ruling on
behalf of a set of religious ideas,
or as direct agents of a deity.
Example-Iran
Government
Monarchy
A monarchy has a king or queen,
who sometimes has absolute
power. Power is passed along
through the family
Example- Jordan
Government
Parliamentary
A parliamentary system is
led by representatives of the people.
Each is chosen as a member of a
political party and remains in power
as long as his/her party does
Example-Israel
Government
Republic
A republic is led by
representatives of the voters.
Each is individually chosen for
a set period of time.
Example-United States
Government
Anarchy
Anarchy is a situation where there is no
government.
This can happen after a civil war in a
country, when a government has been
destroyed and rival groups are fighting to
take its place.
Example-Afghanistan
Government
Totalitarian
Rule by a single political party.
Votes for alternative candidates
and parties are simply not allowed. Citizens
are allowed and 'encouraged' to vote, but
only for the government's chosen
candidates.
Example-North Korea
Government
Oligarchy
A form of government which consists of
rule by an elite group who rule in their own
interests, especially the accumulation of wealth and
privilege. Only certain members of society have a
valid voice in the government. This can reflect (but
is not limited to) economic interests, a particular
religious tradition (theocracy), or familial rule
(monarchy).
Example-Pakistan
Government
Democracy
In a democracy, the government is elected
by the people. Everyone who is eligible to
vote - which is a majority of the
population - has a chance to have their say
over who runs the country.
Example-India
Major Languages of the World
Language
Principal locations
Chinese
English
Hindi-Urdu
Spanish
Portuguese
Bengali
Russian
Arabic
Japanese
French
German
Wu
Javanese
Korean
Italian
China
North America, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa
India, Pakistan
South America, Spain
Brazil, Portugal
Bangladesh, India
Former Soviet Union
North Africa, Middle East
Japan
France, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Black Africa
Germany, Austria, Switzerland
China (Shanghai)
Indonesia (Java)
Korea
Italy
L
Number of speakers
(estimated in millions)
885
450
333
266
175
162
153
150
126
122
118
77
75
72
63
Major Religions of the World
Economic Systems of the World
 Most students have been taught that the
three economic systems are:
CAPITALISM , SOCIALISM, and
COMMUNISM.
The above terms are social political
constraints and are NOT the correct
names for the major economic
systems of the world.
Economic Systems of the World
Economic systems can actually be divided
into 3 categories based on how the
country manages the production and
distribution of goods and services. These
are:
Traditional
Command
Market
Economic Systems of the World
TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM
What is produced and what each person does is
determined by birth. A person might be expected to
do what his father did. The share of wealth
is determined by custom or one's position in society.
There are traditional economies that exist
today in parts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa
and Latin America.
Economic Systems of the World
COMMAND ECONOMIC SYSTEMThe individual has very little say as to how the basic
economic questions are answered.
What is produced and what each person does might be
determined by a small group of individuals.
The product might be the property of the small group in control
or shared with others.
The People's Republic of China ,Uganda and the Soviet
Union are examples of command economies, although,
most of these nations have gradually moved toward a
limited market economy.
Economic Systems of the World
MARKET ECONOMIC SYSTEMWhat is produced and what each person does is
based on the activity within the market. Buyers and
sellers decide for themselves what goods and
services will be produced. Individuals decide for
themselves the answers to the basic economic
questions.
The United States is classified as a market
economy.
Region
Region divides the world into
manageable units for
geographic study.
Regions have some sort of
characteristic that unifies the
area. Regions can be formal,
functional, or vernacular.
Region
Formal regions are
those that are designated by
official boundaries, such as cities,
states, counties, and countries.
For the most part, they are clearly
indicated and publicly known.
Region
Functional regions are defined
by their connections.
For example, the attendance zone
of a school is the functional
region of that school.
Region
Vernacular regions are
perceived regions, such as "The
South," "The Midwest," or the
"Middle East;" they have no
formal boundaries but are
understood in our mental maps of
the world.
Movement
Humans move, a lot!
In addition, ideas, fads, goods,
resources, and communication
all travel distances. This theme
studies movement and
migration across the planet.
Human-Environment Interaction
This theme considers how humans
adapt to and modify the
environment. Humans shape the
landscape through their
interaction with the land; this has
both positive and negative effects
on the environment.
Human-Environment Interaction
There are three key concepts to
human/environmental
interaction:
Humans adapt to the environment.
 Humans modify the environment.
Humans depend on the environment.
Human-Environment Interaction
People adapt to the
environment by
wearing clothing
that is suitable for
summer and winter;
rain and shine.
Human-Environment Interaction
People modify our
environment by
heating and cooling
buildings for
comfort.
Human-Environment Interaction
People depend
on rivers for water
and transportation.