Transcript Ch 10 Key Issue 2

What You Need
Notebook
Black or Blue Pen
Highlighter
*A “strong” Wrist!!!!!!!
PASS FORWARD
1. Key Issue 1
2. Hearth Map
3. Subsistence/Commercial Map
4. % of labor force Map
MAKE SURE YOUR NAME &
PERIOD ARE ON ALL PAPERS
Chapter 10
Agriculture
Key Issue 2
Where Are Agricultural Regions in LDCs?
Shifting Cultivation
1. Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and
burning the debris (referred to as SLASH-AND-BURN
AGRICULTURE).
2. Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until
soil nutrients are depleted and then they leave it fallow (nothing
planted) for many years so the soil can recover.
• People who practice shifting cultivation live in small villages and
grow food on the surrounding land, which villages control.
The Process of Shifting Cultivation
The two hallmarks of the technique can be found on pg 314.
1. Swidden – the area that is cleared prior to planting crops.
A. Can only be used for 3 years of less.
2. Potash – the debris that is left after areas are burned (high in
potassium). It is a type of fertilizer.
3. Southeast Asia – rice , South America – maize & manioc, Africa –
millet & sorghum.
Some regions grow yam, sugarcane, plantain, and other vegetables.
Southeast Asia - Rice
South America – Maize & Manioc
Maize (corn)
Manioc (cassava)
Africa – Millet & Sorghum
Millet
Sorghum
Case Study:
Protecting Farmland
Page 316
How does GIS
(Geographic Information
Systems) help determine
if farm land is
threatened and needs
protection?
Include 5 details.
Shifting Cultivation
A. Traditionally, land is owned by the village (as a whole) instead of
by individual families.
B. Chiefs or ruling councils would give land to the individual families
to use.
C. Now, private individuals own land in some communities (Latin
America)
D. SC occupies approx. ¼ of the world’s land area.
E. Less than 5 percent of the world’s people engage in SC.
Future of SC
SC is being replaced by:
1. Logging
2. Cattle Ranching
3. Cultivation of Cash Crops
Future of SC
PROS
• The most environmentally sound
approach for the “tropics” (land
wise)
• Eliminating SC could upset the
traditional local diversity of
cultures (social, religious,
political, folk customs).
CONS
• Can only support small
populations without causing
environmental damage.
• Only a preliminary step in
economic development.
• Large scale burning can
contribute to Global Warming
DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
Pastoral Nomadism
- A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of
domesticated animals.
A. Adapted to dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.
B. Primarily located in Central and Southwest Asia and North
Africa.
C. Only about 15 million people are PNs.
Pastoral Nomadism
Characteristics of PN:
A. Depend on animals rather than crops.
B. Consume mostly grains instead of meat.
C. Size of herd = power and prestige.
D. Obtain grains by trading animals to other subsistence farmers.
1. Hire farmers to plant crops for them.
2. Plant crops themselves and come back later during the years
to harvest.
3. Women and children stay while men herd.
Pastoral Nomadism
Choice of Animals:
A. The type and number of animals for the herd is selected
according to local cultural and physical characteristics.
B. The relative prestige of the animal
C. Ability of the species to adapt to a particular climate and
vegetation.
 Camels – arid climates, need less water, carry heavy baggage, most quickly.
 Goats – need more water, but are tough and not picky eaters.
 Sheep – move slow & affected by climate change, need more water, picky
eaters.
Pastoral Nomadism
Future of PN:
Some practice transhumance, which is seasonal migration of
livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Many gov’ts in Southwest Asia countries have been trying to resettle
nomads.
• Nomads have not been cooperative.
• Gov’ts want to settle nomads on collectives so that they can use the
land for other things.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture = intensive means, the farmers have
to do a lot of work to survive on a parcel of land.
• This is practiced primarily in East, South, and Southeast Asia.
Wet Rice – the practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and
then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
Sawah – a flooded field.
Paddy – What Europeans and North Americans mistakenly call flooded
fields (Malay word for wet rice).
Double cropping is possible in places that have warm winters, such as
South China and Taiwan, but rarely in India which has dry winters.
Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Not Dominant
Found where climate prevents farmers from growing wet rice.
Interior India & northeast China:
1. Wheat
2. Barley
3. Millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and soybean.
*Practice crop rotation each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
Plantation Farming
Plantation – a large farm that specializes in one or two crops.
1.
Found in the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in Latin
America, Africa, and Asia.
2.
Usually situated on sparsely settled locations.
3.
Although generally in LDCs they are owned & operated by
Europeans or North Americans, goods sold in MDCs.
4.
Workers are imported from other locations around the world.
Plantation Farming
5.
Types of crops:
Cotton
Sugarcane
Coffee
Rubber
Tobacco
Secondary
Cocoa
Jute
bananas
Tea
Coconuts
Palm oil