Transcript lan of 100 computers - BSNL Durg SSA(Connecting India)

Assignment
On
LAN OF 100 COMPUTERS
SUBMITTED DURING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT BSNL DURG
Under the Guidance of
Mr.
……………………
LALIT VERMA……………………(S.D.E.)
Submitted by
•…………………………AANCHAL MISHRA………………………………….
MONTH : ……AUGUST……..
YEAR : ……2014……..
INDEX
Overview
Computer Networks : LANs
 MANs
 WANs
 The OSI Model
 LAN Components
 LAN port
 LAN switches
 LAN Hub
 LAN Router
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Local Area Network
(LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and
associated devices that shear a common
communications line or wireless link.
Typically, connected devices share the resources of a
single processor or server within a small geographic
area (for example, within an office building).Usually a
server has applications and data storage that are
shared in common by multiple computer users. A local
area network may serve as few as two or three users
(for example, in a home network) or as many as
thousand of users(for example ,in an FDDI network).
Major local area network technologies are :
Token ring
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FDDI(Fiber distributed data interface)
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Ethernet
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Token Ring Network
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Originally developed by IBM
in 1970’s
Still IBM’s primary LAN
technology
In cases of heavy traffic, the
token ring network has
higher throughput than
ethernet due to the
deterministic (non-random)
nature of the medium
access
Is used in applications in
which delay when sending
data must be predictable
Is a robust network i.e. it is
fault tolerant through fault
management mechanisms
Can support data rates of
around 16 Mbps
Typically uses twisted pair
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FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)
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FDDI is a standard
developed by the
American National
Standards Institute
(ANSI) for transmitting
data on optical fibers
Supports transmission
rates of up to 200 Mbps
Uses a dual ring
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First ring used to carry
data at 100 Mbps
Second ring used for
primary backup in case
first ring fails
If no backup is needed,
second ring can also
carry data, increasing
the data rate up to 200
Mbps
Supports up to 1000
nodes
Has a range of up to 200
km
Source:http://burks.brighton.ac.uk/burks/pcinfo/hardwar
e/ethernet/fddi.htm
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Ethernet
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First network to provide CSMA/CD
Developed in 1976 by Xerox PARC
(Palo Alto Research Center) in
cooperation with DEC and Intel
Is a fast and reliable network solution
One of the most widely implemented
LAN standards
Can support data rates in the range of
10Mbps- 10 Gbps
Used with a bus or star topology
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Metropolitan area network
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A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is
a network that is utilized across
multiple buildings
Commonly used in school campuses or
large companies with multiple buildings
Is larger than a LAN, but smaller than
a WAN
Is also used to mean the
interconnection of several LANs by
bridging them together. This sort of
network is also referred to as a
campus network
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MAN
ADVANTAGES
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Provide a good
backbone for
large network
Provide greater
access to WAN
Most common to
see on university
campuses
DISADVANTAGES
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More cable
required for this
connection from
one place to
another
Large network
become difficult to
manage
Difficult to make
system secure
from hackers
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Wide area network
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A Wide Area Network is a network spanning a
large geographical area of around several
hundred miles to across the globe
May be privately owned or leased
Also called “enterprise networks” if they are
privately owned by a large company
It can be leased through one or several
carriers (ISPs-Internet Service Providers) such
as AT&T, Sprint, Cable and Wireless
Can be connected through cable, fiber or
satellite
Is typically slower and less reliable than a LAN
Services include internet, frame relay, ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
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Advantages of WAN
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Covers a large geographical area so long
distance businesses can connect on one
network
Shares softwares and resources with
connecting workstations
Messages can be sent very quickly to any one
else on the network
These messages can have pictures, sounds or
data included with them
Every one on the network can use the same
data. This avoids problem where some users
may have some older information than others
Share information/files over a larger area
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The OSI Model
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The Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model is a theoretical framework
for understanding and explaining
networking protocols
Originally an effort by the ISO
(International Standards Organization)
to standardize network protocols
TCP/IP became the dominant set of
standards but the OSI model is widely
used to help understand protocols
The OSI model defines 7 layers of
functional communications protocols.
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The OSI Model
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Application
Layer
6
Presentation
Layer
Translates data to standard format
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Session Layer
Establishes sessions between computers
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Transport Layer
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Network Layer
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Data Link
Layer
Physical Layer
Provides a network interface for applications
Provides error control and flow control
Supports logical addressing and routing
Interfaces with network adapter
Converts information into transmitted pulses
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LAN COMPONENTS
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The fundamental components of LANs
are as follows:Computers: computers serve as the end
points in the network sending and
receiving data.
Interconnections: interconnections
enable data to travel from one point to
another in the network. Interconnections
include these components:
NICs: NICs translate the data produced
by the computer into a format that can
be transmitted over the LAN.
Network media : network media, such as
cables or wireless media, transmit
signals from one device on the LAN to
another.
Hubs: hubs provide aggregation devices
operating at layer 1 of the OSI reference
model. However, hubs have been
replaced in this function by switches
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Ethernet switches: Ethernet switches
from the aggregation point for LANs.
Ethernet switches operate at layer 2 of
the OSI reference model and provide
intelligent distribution of frames within
the LAN.
Routers: routers sometimes called
gateways, provide a means to connect
LAN segment. routers operate at layer 3
of the OSI reference model.
Protocols: protocols govern the way data
is transmitted over a LAN and include the
following:
1. Ethernet protocols
2. IP
3. ARP and RARP
4. DHCP
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LAN port:
Also known as Ethernet port and
network port, the LAN port is a
port connection that allows a
computer to connect to a
network using a wired
connection. In this picture, a
close up example of what a LAN
port looks like for network cable
using a RJ-45 connector. In the
case of this example, the two
LED light will blink when that
port is active and receiving
activity-
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LAN switches
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Definition: a network switch is a small
hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one local
area network (LAN). Technically
network switches operate at layer 2
(data link layer) of the OSI model .
Network switches appear nearly
identical to network hubs, but a switch
generally contains more intelligence
(and a slightly higher price tag) than a
hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are
capable of inspecting data packet as
they received, determining the source
destination device of each packet, and
forwarding them appropriately
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LAN hub:
Definition- in computer networking a
hub is a small, simple, inexpensive
device that joins multiple computers
together. Many network hubs available
today support the Ethernet standard.
Other types including USB hubs also
exist, but Ethernet is the type
traditionally used in home networking.
A hub contains multiple ports. When a
packet arrives at one port, it is copied
to the other ports so that all segment
of the LAN can see all packets.
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LAN router:
A LAN router today can come with a
great number of extra features. They
commonly have additional built-in
extras such as wireless network
access, torrent downloading, vpn,
firewall, network bridging capabilities
and more. A LAN router no longer no
longer limits itself to handing out a
mere IP address (acting as and NAT
too) and discerning buyer often have a
long wish list. You can acquire a LAN
router from several different product
manufacturers. Sometimes these unit
may be referred to as internet router
or even wireless routers.
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THANK
YOU
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