Transcript Biomechanics

Exercise Science
Section 15: Biomechanical Principal and
Applications
An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Models, Theories, and Laws in Science
 Scientific models reduce things to
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their essentials
 Establish a basis for
understanding how things work
 Predict how they will behave
 Influence them to behave in ways
we want
 Sir Isaac Newton’s “model” explained
the workings of physical forces in the
universe and laid the basis for
modern physics
Equilibrium and the Conservation of Energy
 Newton’s theory (and biomechanics) rests on two assumptions:
 Equilibrium
 Newton’s First Law
 More than one force acts on a body, but no change in
velocity results
 Conservation of energy
 Newton’s Third Law
 Energy can never be created or destroyed, but can only be
converted from one form to another
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Isaac Newton’s “Model Universe”
 Three Laws of Motion
 The Law of Inertia
 Every object in a state of uniform motion
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tends to remain in that state of motion
unless an external force is applied to it
 The Law of Acceleration
 A force applied to a body causes an
acceleration of that body of a magnitude
proportional to the force, in the direction of
the force, and inversely proportional to the
body’s mass
 The Law of Reaction
 For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Types of Motion
 Linear (or translational) motion
 Movement in a particular
direction
 Force generated by the athlete’s
muscles and the resulting
motion is in a straight line
 Rotational motion
 Movement about an axis
 Force does not act through the
centre of mass, but rather is “offcentre,” and this results in
rotation
Rotational motion
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lever Systems
 Every moveable bone in the human body is part
of a lever system that facilitates movement
 Three classes of levers
 Class I lever (e.g. teeter-totter)
 Class II lever (e.g. wheelbarrow)
 Class III lever (e.g. snow shovelling)
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lever Systems
 Class I lever (e.g. teeter-totter)
 The fulcrum (axis) is located
between the force (effort) and the
resistance load
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©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lever Systems
 Class II lever (e.g. wheelbarrow)
 The resistance is between the force
and the fulcrum
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©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Lever Systems
 Class III lever (e.g. shovelling)
 The force is between the fulcrum and
the resistance
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Seven Principles of Biomechanics
 The seven principles of biomechanics
 Allows you to gain insight into movement dynamics
 The Coaching Association of Canada’s National Coaching
Certification Program (NCCP) Level 2 Theory course sets forward
these seven principles grouped into four broad categories:
 Stability
 Maximum effort
 Linear motion
 Angular motion
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Stability
 Principle 1:
 The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support,
the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the
greater the mass, the more stability increases
 Principle 1 has four subcomponents:
 The height of the centre of mass
 The line of gravity
 The base of support
 Mass
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Maximum Effort
 Principle 2:
 The production of maximum
force requires the use of all
possible joint movements
that contribute to the task’s
objective
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Maximum Velocity
 Principle 3:
 The production of
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maximum velocity
requires the use of
joints in order – from
largest to smallest
Linear Motion
 Principle 4:
 The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Linear Motion
 Principle 5:
 Movement usually occurs in the
direction opposite that of the
applied force
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Angular Motion
 Principle 6:
 Angular motion is
produced by the
application of a force
acting at some distance
from an axis, that is, by
torque
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Angular Motion
 Principle 7:
 Angular momentum is
constant when an athlete or
object is free in the air
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©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Applications in Biomechanics
 Performance improvement
 Coaches and athletes focused on “performance improvement”
within the aspects of technique and sport training
 Injury prevention and rehabilitation
 High level of interest in biomechanics from sports medicine
specialists, trainers, and injured athletes in relation to “injury
prevention and rehabilitation”
 Fitness and personal training
 Biomechanical analysis can be applied both to exercise and to
equipment
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
 Progressive resistance training to improve muscular endurance,
size, and tensile strength of both muscle and connective tissue can
be integrated into the off- and pre-season schedule
 Specific design of aerobic and muscular warm-up tailored to the
activities planned for the workout will bring more injury prevention
value to the session
 All key muscles to be used must be stretched
 Muscle imbalance needs to be addressed
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Fitness and Personal Training
 Biomechanical analysis begins by examining the method of
execution of an exercise; such analyses enable one to give advice
concerning:
 The position of joints to isolate specific muscles
 How to align the movement to the muscle
 How to combine muscles for optimal results
 The optimal speed for the objective
 The best starting position and range of motion for an exercise
 How to modify the leverage to gain a greater strength output
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.