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Exercise Science Section 6: The Nervous System and the Control of Movement An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Components of the Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Forebrain Central Nervous System Brain Hindbrain Spinal Cord Midbrain ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into two parts: The vertebral column and the spinal cord: Main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system The brain: Main control centre Receives and interprets endless signals Has six main parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem Diencephalon Limbic system Reticular activating system ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Consists of those parts of the nervous system that lie outside the CNS Carries information in and out of the CNS Includes: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Contains both autonomic and somatic components ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Comprised of two systems: Sympathetic system: Causes localized bodily adjustments to occur Prepares body for emergencies (i.e. releases adrenaline, increases heart rate) Parasympathetic system: Returns body to normal (after it’s been altered by the sympathetic system) Systems work in unison ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Somatic Nervous System Somatic nervous system: Handles the muscles in our extremities Contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibres: Afferent nerves: Send information to the CNS Efferent nerves: Send instructions to skeletal muscle PNS receives and processes information ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Reflex Arc Reflex arc: Pathway in which the initial stimulus and the corresponding response message travel Five parts to a reflex arc: Receptor Sensory (or afferent) nerve Intermediate nerve fibre Motor (or efferent) nerve Effector organ ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Proprioceptor System Proprioceptors: Specialized receptors located within tendons, muscles, and joints Provide sensory information (ex. state of muscle contraction) through the primary use of two sensory receptors: golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles Continuously monitor muscle actions “Tell” the nervous system about the state of muscle contraction Act as a kind of safety device allowing the nervous system to respond accordingly ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Golgi Tendon Organs ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Muscle Spindle Sensory neuron (two branches within) Motor neuron Muscle spindle within muscle fibre (magnified) Muscle fibres ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Golgi Tendon Organs & Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon Organs Muscle Spindles Location Where tendon meets muscle fibre In belly of muscle fibre Position In series with muscle fibre Parallel to muscle fibre Respond to Changes in muscle/tendon tension Changes in muscle length Sensory neurons 1 2 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Stretch Reflex Stretch reflex: Simplest spinal reflex Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle’s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract–brings about knee-jerk action ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Muscle Spindles at Work Sensory neuron (two branches within) Motor neuron Muscle fibres ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Polysynaptic Reflexes Withdrawal reflex: Rapid and occurs before brain has time to interpret the information Involves the withdrawal of a body part from a painful stimulus Reflex action involves transferring impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron through a connecting interneuron Crossed-Extensor Reflex: Observed when one leg or arm automatically compensates for a reflex action in opposing leg or arm Involves multiple synapses and muscle groups ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Withdrawal Reflex and the CrossedExtensor Reflex ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Spinal Cord and Head Injuries Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spine can result in ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. © iStockphoto.com/”caracterdesign” an inability to send impulses to body parts Nerves above injury keep working, nerves below may not Paraplegia: Injury prevents use of legs but not arms Quadriplegia: Injury prevents movement of both arms and legs Spinal Cord and Head Injuries ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. © iStockphoto.com/”AlexKalina” Head injuries: Most common head injury is a concussion: Occurs when brain literally hits the skull; often involves injury to nerve fibres Ranges from mild to severe Symptoms can include: headaches, fatigue, memory problems, or slurred speech ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.