Transcript networking fundamentals

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Laboratorium Teknik Informatika – Universitas Gunadarma
Stefanus Vlado Adi Kristanto
[email protected]
Version 1.3
Internetworking
What is an internetwork?
An internetwork is a collection of individual
networks, connected by intermediate networking
devices, that functions as a single large network.
Internetworking refers to the industry, products,
and procedures that meet the challenge of
creating and administering internetworks.
Internetworking Basic
Networking History
 1957 : ARPA is created by DoD
 1970 : ALOHANET is developed by University of Hawaii
 1982 : ISO releases OSI Model
 1983 : TCP/IP becomes the universal language of the
Internet
 1984 : CISCO System founded; gateway and router
development begins
 1990 : ARPANET becomes Internet
 1991 : Tim Berners-Lee develops code for WWW
Data Networks
Simple Network
Topology
Networking History
 A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is
terminated at both ends. All the hosts connect directly to
this backbone.
 A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last
host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.
 A star topology connects all cables to a central point of
concentration.
 An extended star topology links individual stars together
by connecting the hubs and/or switches. This topology can
extend the scope and coverage of the network.
Networking History
 A hierarchical topology is similar to an extended star.
However, instead of linking the hubs and/or switches
together, the system is linked to a computer that controls
the traffic on the topology
 A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much
protection as possible from interruption of service. The use
of a mesh topology in the networked control systems of a
nuclear power plant would be an excellent example. As
seen in the graphic, each host has its own connections to
all other hosts. Although the Internet has multiple paths to
any one location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.
Bus and Tree Topology
Star Topology
 Center: hub, repeater,
or concentrator
 Typically used in both
Ethernet and Token
Ring
 5 to 100+ devices
Ring Topology
 Repeaters at each
component
 Unidirectional
transmission links
 Closed loop
 Typically used in
FDDI Networks
LAN and WAN Devices
LANs and LAN Devices
LANs are designed to:
 Operate within a limited geographic area
 Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
 Control the network privately under local administration
 Provide full-time connectivity to local services
 Connect Physically adjacent devices
Using:
WANs and WAN Devices
LANs are designed to:
 Operate over a large geographic area
 Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
 Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
 Connect devices separated over wide, even global ares
Using:
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board
that provides network communication capabilities
to and from a personal computer.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
What is a bandwidth?
Bandwidth has been defined as the amount of
information that can flow through a network in a given
time. The idea that information flows suggests two
analogies that may make it easier to visualize bandwidth
in a network. Since both water and traffic are said to flow,
consider the following analogies:
 Bandwidth is like the width of a pipe.
 Bandwidth is like the number of lanes on a highway
Bandwidth Analogies
 Bandwidth is like the width of a pipe.
 Bandwidth is like the number of lanes on a highway
Units of Bandwidth
In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per
second (bps)
Maximum Bandwidths and Length Limitation
Networking Media
Coaxial Cable
 Speed and throughtput 10-100 Mbps
 Average $ per node: Inexpensive
 Media and connector size: Medium
 Maximum cable length: 500 m
Shielded Twisted Pair
 Speed and throughtput 10-100 Mbps
 Average $ per node: Moderately Expensive
 Media and connector size: Medium to Large
 Maximum cable length: 100 m
Unshielded Twisted Pair
 Speed and throughtput 10-100-1000 Mbps
 Average $ per node: Least expensive
 Media and connector size: Small
 Maximum cable length: 100 m
Fiber Optics
 Speed and throughtput 100+ Mbps
 Average $ per node: Most expensive
 Media and connector size: Small
 Maximum cable length: up to 2 km
Cable Specification
Cable Specification
Media
Bandwidth
Distance
10Base2
10-100Mbps
185m
10Base5
10-100Mbps
500m
10BaseT
10Mbps
100m
100BaseTX
100Mbps
100m
100Base-FX
100Mbps
2000m
1000Base-LX
1000Mbps
3000m
CABLING
Media
Ethernet Standard
Straight-Through Cables
 Switch to Router
 Switch to PC or Server
 Hub to PC or server
Crossover Cables
 Switch to Switch
 Router to Router
 Switch to Hub
 Hub to Hub
 PC to PC
 Router to PC
Rollover Cable
 PC to Router (Console Cable)
Wire Connection
Step by Step Making Straight-Through Cable
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End of Slides
Laboratorium Teknik Informatika – Universitas Gunadarma
Stefanus Vlado Adi Kristanto
[email protected]