Transcript Internet - Eng. Mohd Alenzi

INTERNET BASICS
Eng. Mohammad Alenezi
[email protected]
http://alenzi.wordpress.com/
Content prepared by Eng. Mohd Alenezi
TABLE OF CONTENT












Introduction
 what is the internet?
 the history of the internet
 What is the world wide web?
 Terms to be familiar with
Components of the internet
Internet concepts
The browser
Navigating the web
Subject Directories
Search Engines
Useful sites
E-mail
Using Email
Error Messages
Definitions
WHAT IS THE INTERNET?
The Internet is a collection of millions of computers,
all linked together on a network to communicate.
 The Internet is the largest and most well known
computer network in the world.

INTRODUCTION

Home computer links to internet through:
Phone
 Wi-Fi
 Wireless
 DSL

Modem
o
ISP (internet service provider)
In business computers have
(NIC) Network Interface Card
LAN (local area network)
High speed ISP = 1.5 mb/s while normal phone = 30 – 50 kb/s
ISP connect through Fiber (undersea, satellite)
largest
MODEM
A device used to attach your computer to telephone system ,
convert data into sound which is sent over the telephone line,
the receiving modem turn the sound into data which computer
can understand
COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET


A network is two or more intelligent devices
connected by communication link or wirelessly
Network is a collection of hardware and other devices
that are connected together so that users can share
hardware, software and data.
LAN (local area network)
Local network connecting computers
within the same building
WAN (wide area network)
more than one local network
connecting together
Wireless network
NETWORKS EXAMPLES
THE HISTORY OF INTERNET
1965 - the U.S. Defence research program to
develop communication protocols
 1968 - First generation of networking
hardware and software
 1969 - ARPANET connects first 4 universities
in the United States
 1970 – 1973 ARPANET successes to allow
scientists to share data
 1971 - The ARPANET grows to 23 hosts
connecting universities
 1973 - The ARPANET goes international
 1982 - The term 'Internet' is used for the first
time.

1982 – 87 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf creates TCP/IP, the
common language of all Internet computers
 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF),
provides a major backbone communication
 1991 - The World Wide Web is born!
 1993 - the first graphics-based Web browser
 1995 - the Internet in commercial hands
 1996 - Nearly 10 million hosts online. The Internet
covers the globe

COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

Email
E-mail addresses uniquely identify a mail user and a
mail server, Separated by an @
 No blank spaces are allowed

Telnet
 Chat & instant messaging
 World Wide Web
 Facebook
 Twitter

WHAT IS THE WORLD WIDE WEB?
 The
World Wide Web (www) refers to all of the
web pages available on all the HTTP web servers
on the Internet
 protocol
based on hypertext developed by
Tim Berners-Lee and others
 Almost support every protocol available on
net
 Internet
is not the same thing as the World Wide
Web
 The Internet is the infrastructure for the
World Wide Web
 The Internet is also the infrastructure for
email and file sharing, for instance
INTERNET CONCEPTS
Clients & Servers
 IP Addresses
 Web Pages
 Hypertext
 Protocols

Server network
 Machines that provides services (web servers, FTP servers)
to other machines called servers
 The other computers on a network that access network
resources through the network server are called clients
IP ADDRESSES & DOMAIN NAMES
o
IP Addresses
Each machine on the internet is assigned a unique address (IP)
 IP addresses are 32-bit numbers looks: 216.27.61.137
 Every web server on the Internet has an IP address, and your
computer has one too.
 149.48.228.139 for www.pbskids.org


Domain name





A domain name is an alias for an IP (Internet Protocol) address:
Domain Name Registrars administer Domain names and IP
addresses
Generic TLD's (top level domain): .com, .org, .net, .gov, .mil, and the
newer .biz, .info, etc.
Country TLD's: .de = Germany, .sc = Seychelles Island, .kw = ?
www.pbskids.org is a domain name (everything after the protocol
up to the next slash, if any)
Your browser's address bar will recognize IP addresses just as well
as domain names.
Every domain name and IP address is unique on the Internet
WEB PAGES
Web sit is a collection of web pages are stored
on computers called web servers
 Web pages are accessed with a web browser
program like Internet Explorer, Safari, Netscape,
Firefox or Opera

HYPERTEXT



Hypertext is a document containing words that connect to other
documents
A single hypertext can contain links(image, video, audio & text) to
many documents
Using language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
PROTOCOL
In IT a protocol is the special set of rules for communications
On the internet TCP/IP protocols are used:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) which uses a set of rules to exchange
messages with other internet points at the information packet level
IP (Internet Protocol) which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at
the internet address level
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET


Internet is made up of
 ISP's (internet service provider)
 Regional networks (large network)
 Backbone networks (major high-speed network)
Web servers Accessing Networks Needs





Modem or other network adapter
dialup via the public telephone network or broadband such as cable, DSL, satellite
Web browser
ISP: a service that connects you to the Internet
User ID and password to log on
WHAT IS A WEB BROWSER?
 It’s

a basic software enable users in order to travel,
find, retrieve, view and send information over the
Internet
The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet
Explorer
, Netscape Navigator
and Mozilla
Firefox
Menu
Bar
Address
Bar
Tab
Pages
Title
Bar
Standard
Buttons
Toolbar
Scroll Bar
Frame
Status
Bar
TOOLBARS
1
1.
2.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
Back Lets you return to pages you've viewed
Forward. Lets you move forward through pages you've viewed using the Back
button
4.
Favorites. Displays a list of the sites you have marked
Home. Returns you to your home page. You can designate any Web page as your
5.
Refresh. Updates any Web page stored in your disk cache with the latest content
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
home page.
Stop. Halts the process of downloading a Web page.
Print. Prints the page you're viewing
Search. Displays a choice of popular Internet search engines in the left pane.
Minimize go to smaller window’s view
Maximize go to bigger window’s view
Close window

The address bar shows you where are. You can type a
URL here to open page. Many URLs are stored can be
selected from here for easy revisiting

The status bar at the bottom of the page shows how
much of incoming file has been loaded
This can also be turned off if you don’t want it
How to turn the Toolbars on or off?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on view menu
Point to toolbar
Submenu appears showing list of toolbars the can be
turned on () or off ()
Click on status bar to turn on or off.
GENERAL OPTIONS
1) Open the Tools menu and select Internet options.
2) Go to General Tab.
3) For the home page, type the URL of the page you want Explorer
to show every time it is started (you can use the "Use Current"
button).
4) If you want to start Explorer with a blank page click "Use
Blank".
5) Click "Settings".
6) Select when to check for new versions of stored pages -every visit
is usually best.
7) Set the amount of space for storage.
8) Click "Ok".
9) Click "Colors", You can set the colors for the text, background,
visited links, and unvisited links.
10)Click ok
WHAT IS A URL?




URL (Uniform Resource Locater) the combination of protocol,
domain name (Or IP address), folder and page (file) name all
taken together.
Every server on the Internet has an IP number, a unique number
consisting of 4 parts separated by dots The IP number is the
server's address.
165.113.245.2
128.143.22.55
URLs are translated into numeric addresses using the Internet
Domain Name System (DNS). However, it is harder for people to
remember numbers than to remember word combinations, so
addresses are given "word-based" addresses called URLs. The
URL and the IP number are one and the same
The standard way to give the address of any resource on the
Internet that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks
like this:
http://www.matisse.net/seminars.html
telnet://well.sf.ca.us
gopher://gopher.ed.gov



The URL is divided into sections: transfer/transport protocol :// server (or
domain). generic top level domain/path/filename, The first part of a URL
defines the transport protocol.
 http:// (HyperText Transport Protocol) moves graphical, hypertext
files
 ftp:// (File Transfer Protocol) moves a file between 2 computers
 gopher:// (Gopher client) moves text-based files
 news: (News group reader) accesses a discussion group
 telnet:// (Telnet client) allows remote login to another computer
Http is the method by which HTML files are transferred over the web
Here are some other important things to know about URLs:
 A URL has no spaces
 URL always uses forward slashes (/)
 If you enter a URL incorrectly, your browser will not be able to locate
the site or resource you want.
 You can find the URL behind any link by passing your mouse cursor
over the link
 You don't need to type http: / / at the beginning, the browser will
insert it for you
IP ADDRESSES. URL’S AND DOMAIN NAMES
http://
Web page URLs
usually begin with
the standard
protocol
identifier http://
This part of the URL
Identifies the Web server
& domain name
Hosting the Web page.
Next comes the
folder(s) in which the
This is the Web page
document that is to be
retrieved and displayed.
Web page is stored,
If necessary.
Hypertext transfer
protocol
http:// www.google.com/filename /Index.html
Protocol
web server domain
folder
page

Pronouncing internet address




The @ at
The . dot
The / slash
Using favorites
Called favorites in Internet Explorer and bookmarks in
Netscape, that allows you to save URLs

Searching the web
FAVORITES
This stores the title and the URL of the page in a
file, and puts the title on the Favorites menu
 The more sites you add to the Favorites menu,
the harder it gets to find, so they should be
organized in folders. Those folders will act as sub
menus on the Favorite' menu

To organize the Folders in
the favorite menu
MHD
3
To add the page in folder
into favorite menu
3
TERMS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH:

WWW (World Wide Web) - all the resources and users on the Internet that are using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).




Browser--Contains the basic software information over the
Internet.
Download To copy data from a remote computer to a local
computer.
Upload—To send data from a local computer to a remote
computer.
E-mail - is the exchange of messages by telecommunication. Email can be distributed to lists of people as well as to individuals. However, you can also send non-text
files, such as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary streams.


Home Page - The beginning "page" of any site.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to
create documents for use on the World Wide Web.

HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for
exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World
Wide Web.

Hyperlinks: take you to a different page when you click on them can be text or
graphics

Search Engine - A web server that collects data from other web servers and puts it
into a database.

TCP/IP
-- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic
communication language or protocol of the Internet

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Address Bar: where you can type a URL of a page you want to see. Contains the URL
- The Internet address. The prefix
of a URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently depending
on the Internet resource you are seeking.
of the page you are currently viewing


History list: tracks the URL‘ you've visited in the past x weeks
Search sites: Google, Yahoo, Ask
NAVIGATING THE WEB

The World Wide Web is held together by millions
of hypertext links. These may take you from one
page to another within a site or off to a far
distant site
HISTORY LIST
As you browse, each page is recorded in the
history list as an Internet shortcut
 Clicking the history button opens the list in the
Explorer bar
 links can be organized by access date, by site,
most visited, or the order of visit
 If you want to use the History after you have
gone offline, open the File menu and turn on the
work offline You will be able to visit only the web
pages you have visited

THE HISTORY LIST

Steps to revisit a page listed in the History:
Click the History button
 Click on a page title


Using the history while working OFFLINE






Open the File menu
Turn on the Work Offline
Click the History button
Click on a folder
Click on a page title
The content of the page will be loaded from the hard
disk (cache memory)
DESKTOP SHORTCUTS
Do you use desktop Shortcuts to your most-used
applications, or to documents that you want to
reopen in a hurry? You can also create desktop
shortcuts to Internet sites. Clicking the shortcut
will start the Internet explorer and load the page
 Steps to create a Desktop Shortcut:

Load the web page into the Internet explorer
 Right click on the web page
 Select Create Shortcut
 Click OK

SAVING WEB PAGES



Page files are erased from the history list after a while (you
decide the period in the Internet options) if you want to keep a
page for long-term reference, save it as a file on your hard disk
or on a floppy disk. It can then be opened from there at any
time later.
Steps to save a Web Page:
 From the File menu select Save As
 Set the folder and the file name
 Click the Save button
Steps to open a saved Web Page:
 From the File menu select Open
 Click Browse
 Find and select the folder and the file you've saved before
 Click Open
 Click Ok