Transcript Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight

Aerospace Science II
2012-2013
st
1 Semester Final Exam
Prep
Chapter 1, Lesson 1: Principles of Flight - Quiz
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What mechanism was first used to aid a human being in successfully flying?
•
Kite
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Where did flight by balloon first occur?
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France
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What do you need for an object to fly?
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a force to lift it
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What types of force can an airfoil exert?
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either a lifting force, or a force that pushes or pulls
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Which edge of an airfoil cuts through the air ahead?
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leading
Chapter 1, Lesson 1: Principles of Flight - Quiz
•
How many wing shapes did the Wright brothers test in designing their successful
1902 glider?
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200
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What laws are fundamental to our understanding of flight today?
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Newton’s laws of motion
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According to Newton’s second law of motion, an object’s acceleration is proportional
to the sum of all forces exerted on it. How can you write this law?
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force(f) = mass(m) x acceleration(a) or F=ma
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Suppose you first attached a bottle rocket to a toy boat and lit the fuse. Which would
accelerate more rapidly: a small boat or a heavy boat?
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small toy boat
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What does Newton’s third law state?
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For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Chapter 1, Lesson 1: Principles of Flight - Quiz
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According to Bernoulli’s principle, when air flows over the curved upper surface of a
wing, it ___________.
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speeds up
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What does the difference in air pressure above and below the wing depend on?
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wing shape
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What changes the angle of attack on a plane’s wings?
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pitch
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Who built the first hot-air balloon?
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Montgolfier Brothers
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Who used wind tunnels?
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Wright Brothers
Chapter 1, Lesson 1: Principles of Flight - Quiz
• Who formulated important laws of motion?
• Sir Isaac Newton
• Formulated an important principle regarding air pressure?
• Daniel Bernoulli
• True/False
• While riding in a car that suddenly brakes, you would slam into the
windshield if you weren’t wearing your seatbelt. This is sometimes
called the law of inertia.
• True
Quiz - Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight
•
What do you need to do to maintain lift on a humid day in the middle of
summer compared with a dry day in the middle of winter?
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fly at a greater velocity
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What would cause an aircraft to decelerate until its airspeed no longer
provides enough lift to support the plane in the air?
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Thrust is less than drag.
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What do you need to do to maintain a constant altitude?
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Maintain equal lift and weight.
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Why does a pilot need to keep his or her angle of attack fairly high during lowspeed flights? A greater angle of attack: ___________________________.
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generates a lift force equal to the aircraft’s weight
Quiz - Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight
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What does the magnitude or size of an aircraft’s weight depend on?
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The aircraft’s mass
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What are the three types of parasite drag?
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form, interference, and skin friction drag
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What does it mean to “trim” the aircraft?
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balance
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What forces must you understand in order to safely fly an aircraft?
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lift, weight, thrust, and drag
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Why is weight always directed toward the center of Earth?
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because of the force of gravity
Quiz - Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight
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What happens when a pilot decreases the angle of attack during high speed
flights?
The aircraft remains in level flight.
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What is the type of force that deals with an object moving through the air or air
moving around an object?
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Aerodynamic
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What factors determine the magnitude of the drag?
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an aircraft’s shape, speed, and air viscosity
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What do you need to do to maintain a constant airspeed?
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Maintain equal thrust and drag.
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Thrust’s opposite force is ____________.
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Drag
Quiz - Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight
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Lift, weight, thrust, and drag all have a ______________.
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magnitude
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True/False
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Airfoils generate most of an airplane’s lift.
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True
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Gravitational forces are mechanical forces.
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False
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The engine’s job is to provide thrust and lift for the aircraft.
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False
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If you reduce your engine power while in level flight, your thrust increases.
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False
Quiz - Chapter 1, Lesson 2: The Physics of Flight
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Induced drag results from an airfoil developing lift.
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True
Quiz AS-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Purpose and
Function of Airplane Parts
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What is a characteristic of an accelerating aircraft?
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Thrust produced must exceed the drag.
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What do gas turbines depend on for combustion?
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oxygen
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The ___________ stabilizers keep the aircraft from bobbing up and down.
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horizontal
Quiz AS-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Purpose and
Function of Airplane Parts
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What do the aircraft’s weight, speed, and purpose determine about the wing?
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the wing’s shape
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What type of engine turns a propeller?
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Turboprop
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What two airplane parts vary greatly, depending on the mission?
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fuselage and wings
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Where is the aircraft’s center of gravity?
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inside the fuselage
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Which aircraft tail part keeps an aircraft stable so it can maintain a straight flight
path?
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stabilizers
Quiz AS-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Purpose and
Function of Airplane Parts
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An airplane’s main fixed wings have moving parts. At what time during flight
do these parts play a major role?
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during takeoff and landing
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Which moving parts of the aircraft’s main fixed wings produces lift?
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flap
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A glider, which travels at slow speeds, has high-aspect-ratio wings with
__________ wingspans.
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long
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A ___________ allows supersonic combustion, improving the efficiency of
the engine at high supersonic speeds.
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scramjet
Quiz AS-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Purpose and
Function of Airplane Parts
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What other part of the aircraft do propeller blades most look and act like?
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Wings
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Why are propeller blades twisted from hub to tip?
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to produce uniform lift
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An airfoil’s _____________ is the maximum distance between the upper
and lower wing surfaces.
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thickness
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What is the working fluid for propellers, turbines, and ramjets?
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air
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Moves the tail left and right
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Rudder
Quiz AS-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Purpose and
Function of Airplane Parts
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Movable, hinged part of wing that pivots down to generate more force.
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Slat
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True/False
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A flap moves in one direction only.
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False
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No one airfoil has been found that satisfies every flight requirement.
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True
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control
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How does sliding the flaps aft assist with landing?
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by increasing wing area and drag
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control
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What is the purpose of elevators?
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to control pitch
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What does raising spoilers on both wings do to an aircraft in any phase of
flight?
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slow the aircraft down
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Which flap is most commonly used?
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Slotted
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What is the aircraft’s orientation, or angle, in relation to the horizon?
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attitude
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What stage in flight requires high lift and high drag?
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landing
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control
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What are the phases of flight?
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takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, and landing
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To reduce wear on brakes and tires, what does an aircraft take advantage
of to slow down during a landing?
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aerodynamic drag
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Takeoffs call for high lift and low _________.
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Drag
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The ___________ continue to slow the plane while rolling to a stop on the
ground.
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Spoilers
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If sufficient airspeed is not maintained in flight to produce enough lift to
support the airplane, the airplane will _____________.
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Stall
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control
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During the takeoff phase of flight, engines provide the ___________ that
gets the aircraft from zero to a speed sufficient for takeoff.
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thrust
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How does a spoiler “spoil” the airflow?
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by increasing drag and decreasing lift
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How do spoilers improve the efficiency of the brakes?
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by shifting the aircraft’s weight from the wings to the wheels
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What happens when a pilot raises spoilers on one wing?
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The aircraft banks.
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What is “roll”?
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the up-and-down motion of an aircraft’s wings
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 4: Aircraft Motion and Control
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In the picture above, slats are
identified by which letter?
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A
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In the picture above, the flaps
are identified by which letter?
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C
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In the picture above, the
spoilers are identified by which
letter?
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F
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In the picture above, ailerons
are identified by which letter?
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B
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 5: Flight Power
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Which parts of a reciprocating engine ignite the fuel-air mixture?
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spark plugs
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According to Charles’s law, what is the relationship between the volume of
gas and its temperature?
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inversely proportional
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How are most general aviation or private airplanes powered today?
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internal combustion engines
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What is chemical energy converted to during the combustion process of an
internal combustion engine?
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mechanical energy
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Airflow through this engine remains supersonic.
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Scramjet
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 5: Flight Power
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What is the purpose of the chevron, or teeth cut into an engine nozzle’s
edge?
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reduce jet exhaust noise
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What are the four strokes (movements), in order, of a four-stroke engine?
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intake, compression, power (or ignition), exhaust
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What is the name of the part that changes airflow direction?
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baffle
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What type of air flows through a ramjet engine?
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subsonic
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Which engine cooling system design requires additional weight?
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liquid-cooled
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 5: Flight Power
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What are the four properties of gas?
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mass, pressure, temperature, volume
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Why do most aircraft engines have two magnetos?
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to improve combustion of the fuel-air mix, provide slightly more power,
and ensure the engine will continue to work if one fails
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Which type of engine offers a much better power-to-weight ratio than the piston
engine?
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turbine engine
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What is the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its absolute
temperature, when the volume is constant, proposed by Gay-Lussac?
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directly proportional
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What engine is a hybrid of a turbojet and propeller engine?
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turboprop
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 5: Flight Power
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What is a reaction engine?
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an engine that ejects a jet or stream of gases created by the burning of
a fuel within the engine
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Which gas is a harmful emission of jet engines?
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carbon dioxide
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What is the aim of the thrust vector engine?
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maneuverability
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All the thrust comes through the turbine and nozzle, which are the core of
this engine.
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Turbojet
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Airflow through this type of engine is subsonic.
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Ramjet
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 6: Aviation Innovation
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How are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) primarily used?
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for reconnaissance and combat
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What problem(s) does the HyperSoar’s trajectory along the top of Earth’s
atmosphere address?
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heat issues
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What is a hydrogen fuel cell?
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an electrochemical device that converts hydrogen into electricity and
heat
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What problem does metallic foam solve when installed around an aircraft’s
engine?
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It won’t catch fire from engine heat.
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 6: Aviation Innovation
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What should the technology in the NextGen plan provide?
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information to pilots and air traffic control on the ground in real time
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How might the NextGen plan benefit air travel?
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It would allow aircraft to safely fly closer together and take more direct
routes.
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Why will NASA’s continuous descent approach idea save fuel?
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It allows airplanes to coast during their final flight stages, which uses
less power.
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What type of midair refueling will let UASs take on longer missions?
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autonomous refueling
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Why is a pilot in a cockpit better able to avoid midair collisions than RPAs?
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The cockpit pilot can see a building or aircraft in his or her flight path.
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 6: Aviation Innovation
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What is the central technology behind NextGen, the Federal Aviation
Administration’s (FAA) plan to improve air traffic efficiency and safety?
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satellite technology
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What is a disadvantage of carbon fiber composite?
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It is more expensive then fiberglass.
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What do hydrogen fuel cells exhaust?
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heat and water
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Which aircraft would travel at Mach 10 and run on liquid hydrogen?
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HyperSoar
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What is biofuel made from?
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plants
Quiz Chapter 1, Lesson 6: Aviation Innovation
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This aircraft has a passenger capacity greater than any other commercial
airliner.
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Airbus A380
True/False
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One of the trickiest aspects to inventing new technologies is making sure
they don’t improve flight in one way while damaging it in another.
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True
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Rocket engines, which launch missiles and spacecraft, are reaction
engines.
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True
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Composite engine materials are tough, and less heat resistant than metals.
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False
LE 2 1-1 and 1-2 2
•True/False
•Communication always needs more than three people.
•False
•Nonverbal communication cues may include facial expressions.
•True
•Listening is not a focused activity.
•False
•Listening and hearing are the same thing.
•False
•Framing gives you a chance to find areas of agreement on which to focus.
•True
LE 2 1-1 and 1-2 2
•Putting an encoded message into a medium of delivery is called ____________.
•Channeling.
•Feedback may indicate that the receiver needs more ___________.
•Information.
•When you are listening to understand the speaker's meaning you are _______.
•Actively listening.
•The receiver's response to the sender's message.
•Feedback
•The person who originates and sends a message.
•Sender
LE 2 1-1 and 1-2 2
•The person who receives the sender's message.
•Receiver
•The unconscious ways in which people communicate their true intentions and
meaning, regardless of what they are actually saying.
•Nonverbal communication
•Turning a message into symbols that will have meaning for the receiver.
•Encoding
•Happens outside your own head. A siren, a phone ringing, a dog barking.
•External noise
•Anything that interferes with communication.
•Noise
LE 2 1-1 and 1-2 2
•Inside the receiver. Daydreaming, worrying, hunger, reminiscing, and strong
emotions are examples.
•Internal noise
•When you listen one way and offer no feedback you are ________.
•Passively listening.
•If you fail to listen in class you could
•Receive poor grades.
•You ask specific questions to ensure you have understood the message.
•Clarifying
LE II - 1-3 Critical Thinking
•True/False
•One step you can take to make a good decision is to rush it.
•False
•When solving problems you should ask probing questions.
•True
•Critical thinking involves using irrational thought to produce the best outcome.
•False
•The process of breaking down an issue to figure out its nature and how it works
is called _________.
•Analysis
LE II - 1-3 Critical Thinking
•That "sixth sense" that some people have about other people and events.
•Intuition
•The process of making choices and selecting appropriate options based on
thinking.
•Decision making
•A function of your mind that makes sense of your life's events and helps you
figure out what is going on around you.
•Thinking
•The ability to explore an issue, problem, decision, or option from many angles.
•Critical thinking
LE II - 1-3 Critical Thinking
•The ability to think carefully about what you read, to ask questions, and to
develop your own understanding of the writer's sense.
•Critical reading
•Putting your thinking to work on the things you need to accomplish.
•Problem solving
•A personal way of thinking that makes it impossible to use logic.
•Bias
•A way of thinking that seeks to form solid connections and support for the way
you think about how the world works.
•Logic
LE II - 1-3 Critical Thinking
•Because thinking and reflection take time, it’s usually best to do it in places
where there are few _______________.
•Distractions
•The brains three major functions are _______________.
•Thinking, feeling, wanting
•LE II 2-1 The Basic Checklist
•True/False
•There are seven steps on the basic checklist for writing.
•False
•The internet is a convenient source of information.
•True
LE II 2-1 The Basic Checklist
•True/False
•An explanation provides a summary of data in a numerical format
•False
•When you edit, you shift from creator to critic.
•True
•It may be useful to know your audience, but it doesn’t really matter, because a
good piece of writing should make sense to anyone.
•False
•Outlining a paper may take some time, but in the end it’s likely to save time.
•True
•What you want your audience to think, do, say, or believe after they’ve read
what you’ve written is your ______.
•Purpose
LE II 2-1 The Basic Checklist
•The process of digging up information that supports your purpose.
•Research
•The people to whom you are writing.
•Audience
•Not what you say; it's how you say it.
•Tone
•A set of guidelines that can help you tackle a writing and speaking project with
confidence and competence.
•The basic checklist
•A specific instance chosen to represent a larger fact to clarify an idea or support
a claim.
•Example
LE II 2-1 The Basic Checklist
•Makes a point plain or understandable or creates a relationship between cause
and effect.
•Explanation
•The comments of authorities that you use to support a claim.
•Testimony
•The precise meaning or significance of a word or phrase.
•Definition
•Contains your main points and supporting ideas arranged in a logical order.
•Outline
•The slow, careful examination of a piece of writing to correct and clarify ideas
and to ensure the proper form.
•Editing
LE II 2-1 The Basic Checklist
•A series of statements intended to persuade others.
•Argument
•A quick first writing of a paper, focused on ideas and not style.
•Drafting
•One sentence that captures the central idea of a paragraph.
•Topic Sentence
•LE II 2-2 Writing Effectively Quiz
True/False
•There are six rules of e-mail protocol.
•True
LE II 2-2 Writing Effectively Quiz
•True/False
•Effective writing has no power at all.
•False
•A sentence that announces your intent for a single paragraph is called your
_________.
•Topic sentence
•A word that has nearly the same meaning as another word does.
•Synonym
•You should never give out personal information on the Internet without _______.
•Supervision of a parent or guardian
LE II 2-2 Writing Effectively Quiz
•A condition in which the subject and the verb in a sentence are the same
number.
•Agreement
•When the reader understands your meaning quickly, they have __________.
•Clarity
•The overly specific or technical language used by people within a speciality or
cultural area.
•Jargon
•The subject is the actor, or doer, of the action.
•Active voice
LE II 2-2 Writing Effectively Quiz
•The subject receives the action of is acted upon.
•Passive voice
•Words, phrases, or sentences that bridge gaps and help
move the reader from one idea to another.
•Transitions
•A message sent electronically over a computer network or
the Internet.
•E-mail