Transcript CAP AEPSM Presentation - Civil Air Patrol, Colorado Wing

Part 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation
Chap. 7- Basic
Aeronautics &
Aerodynamics
Chap. 8- Aircraft in
Motion
Chap. 9- Flight
Navigation
Page 1
7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Airfoil Design (Sub-sonic)
Lift & Angle of Attack
Daniel Bernoulli
• Dutch physicist, 1738
• Discovered relationship between the
pressure and speed of fluid in motion
4 Forces of Flight
• Bernoulli’s Principle: “As the velocity of a
fluid increases, the pressure decreases”
Aircraft Lift
• Induced Lift (“Bernoulli” lift)
• Dynamic Lift (relative wind strikes the wing
underside, further increasing pressure, at
increasing angles of attack - “Newtonian” lift)
Page 2
7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Drag (the “Killer”)
Wingtip Vortices
Stall
• Drag (parasitic and induced) limits
ability to go forward.
• Vortices create drag and wake
turbulence.
• Separation occurs at high angle of
attack and eliminates lift.
• Supersonic flow different than subsonic flow (air ahead is warned by
compressed air at leading edge).
Page 3
8 Aircraft in Motion
Longitudinal Axis
The Axes of An Aircraft
Lateral Axis
Vertical Axis
Page 4
8 Aircraft in Motion
Engines
Reciprocating
• Fuel converted to
energy in cylinder
Rocket
• Fuel + Oxygen
Turbine
• Turbojet
• Turbofan
• Turboprop
• Turboshaft
Page 5
8 Aircraft in Motion
Parts of a Reciprocating Engine
Propeller Cross-Section
• Airfoil designed to yield constant force.
• Propeller tip speeds approach Mach 1.
Page 6
8 Aircraft in Motion
Fuel System
Gravity Fed System
Force Fed System
Page 7
8 Aircraft in Motion
Aircraft Instruments
• Performance - How aircraft responds to commands
• Control - Current state of aircraft devices
Instrument Types
Engine
Flight
Navigational
Tachometer
Airspeed Indicator
Mag. Compass
Oil Pressure
Altimeter
Heading Ind.
Oil Temperature
Turn/slip Indicator
VOR Indicator
Manifold Pressure
Vertical Speed Ind.
Loran
Carburetor Temp.
Attitude Indicator
(Artificial Horizon)
GPS
Exhaust Gas Temp.
Page 8
9 Flight Navigation
Global Coordinate System
Greenwich, England
Flat maps of a round object
• Prime Meridian (0° longitude) defined to
pass through Greenwich, England
• International Date Line (180° longitude) on
opposite side and defines the start of a
new day.
Page 9
9 Flight Navigation
Sectional Charts
Basic Navigation Techniques
• Relief - Elevations
• Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks
• Hydrographic - Bodies of water
• Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all
factors that could affect the flight
• Cultural - Cities, towns
• Airports - Civil & Military
• Airspace & Airways - Navigation
Page 10
9 Flight Navigation
Electronic Navigation Aids
• VOR’s and similar beacons
• Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
Electronic Landing Aids
• Instrument Landing Systems
• Microwave Landing Systems
• Differential GPS Landing Systems
Page 11