Transcript click here to the file - The Nigerian Academy of Engineering

Wireless Technology
Evolution to 3G
By
Okechukwu Ugweje, PhD.
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja, Nigeria
Presented at
MTN-Nigerian Academy of Engineering
Colloquium on Wireless Communications
Thursday August 13, 2009
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
1
Wireless Technology Evolution to 3G
Outline
 Wireless Standards/Generations ?
 First Generation Technologies
 Second Generation Technologies
 Transition Technologies (2.5G Systems)
 Third Generation Technologies
 Evolution Paths to 3G
 TDMA
 CDMA
 GSM: 3 steps of GSM to 3G
 Beyond 3G (i.e. 4G)
 Conclusion
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
2
Wireless Standards & Generations ?
Standards are well established protocols for wireless
or mobile communication systems
Interacting systems require standardization
Companies want their systems adopted as standard
Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T
Standards in the US is determined by TIA/CTIA
IEEE standards often adopted
These standards are sometimes referred to as
“generations”
Until lately standards process fraught with
inefficiencies and conflicts of interest
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
3
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
1st Generation (1G) Technologies
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
4
1G Technologies
Developed in the late 70’s early 80’s, deployed in 80’s
Used only for Voice Communications to mobile users
over large area (no data)
Is Analog: based on circuit-switched technology
Major 1G Systems:
USA: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
UK: Total Access Communications Systems (TACS)
Scandinavia: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
West Germany: C450
Japan: Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT)
Although systems have similar characteristics, they
are incompatible and uses different frequencies
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
5
Characteristics of 1G Systems
Use mobile cellular concept to provide service to a
geographic area
Frequency reuse concept implemented
Handoff/Handover necessary
Systems uses FDMA/FDD
Common Air Interface (CAI) standards
Analog voice communications using FM
Digital control channels for signaling - FSK
Adjustable mobile power levels – Power control
necessary
Macro Cells: 1-40 km radius
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
6
Summary of Analog Wireless (1G)
Technologies
AMPS
IS553
NAMPS
IS-91
TACS
Frequency
Band
800
800
900
450
900
450
Channel
Spacing (kHz)
30
10
25
25
12.5
20
Speech
Modulation
FM
FM
FM
FM
FM
FM
Freq. Deviation
(kHz)
12.0
5.0
9.5
5.0
5.0
4.0
Signaling
Modulation
Dir.
FSK
Dir.
FSK
Dir.
FSK
Aud.
FFSK
Aud.
FFSK
Dir.
FSK
Signaling Bit
Rate
10
kb/s
10 kb/s
8 kb/s
1200
b/s
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
NMT450 NMT900
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
1200
b/s
C-450
5280
b/s
7
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
2nd Generation (2G)
Technologies
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
8
2nd Generation (2G) Technologies - 1
Motivation for 2G Digital Cellular
Increase system capacity
Additional services/features (SMS, caller ID, etc..)
Reduce cost
Improve security
Interoperability among components/systems
Appeared about 10 years after 1G systems
Mid 1990s - PCS Auctions
Offers “Digital Voice” over circuit switched networks
Provides better voice quality, higher capacity, lower
power requirements and global roaming capabilities
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
9
Major 2G Technologies - 2
Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
CDMA systems - IS-95, cellular CDMA, cdmaOne
North American TDMA (NA-TDMA)
Basically a digital OVERLAY on top of AMPS with
increase capacity & more features
Several Variants
IS-54 Rev A and Rev B
IS-136 Rev A and Rev B
Standards have many names: TDMA, NA -TDMA,
Digital AMPS (DAMPS),US Digital Cellular (USDC), IS-54
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
10
Summary of Digital Wireless (2G)
Technologies
GSM,
DCS1800
PCS1900
D-AMPS
IS-54
IS-136
CDMA
IS-95
JStd008
Japan
PDC
CT-2
DECT
Access Method
TDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
Frequency
Band(s)
900, 1800
1900
800
1900*
800
1900
8/900
1400
865
1880
Channel Spacing
200
30, 50*
x
50/25i
100
1728
Signal Bandwidth
200+
30
1250+
50
100
1800
Signal Modulation
GMSK
DQPSK
QPSK
DQPSK
GFSK
GFSK
Signaling kb/s
~ 30
~ 44
9.6
x
32
32
Information,
frames/s
~ 200
50
50
50
packets
100
Still no uniformity
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
11
Limitations of 2G Technologies
Voice centric
Designed mainly for telephony application
Circuit-switched
High BER (Bit Error Rate)
Low data bit rate (< 14.4kbps)
Data rate too slow to facilitate internet access
Too many standards globally
GSM, CDMA, PDC, CT-1, DECT, etc.
Isolated networks
Difficult to roam between these networks
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
12
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
Transition Technologies
(2.5G)
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
13
2.5 Generation Systems
2G systems were developed to support single user
using circuit switched modems
Limited data to a single voice channel
2G were designed before widespread use of the
Internet, and can only support limited use of the
Internet
To alleviate this problem, 2G standards needed to be
modified for use in the Internet
Must be compatible with increased throughput rates
required for Internet applications
Extension of the 2G standards led to 2.5G systems
2.5G systems are interim data transport standards
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
14
2.5 Generation Technologies - 1
2.5G standards can be overlaid upon existing 2G
technologies
Evolved based on many complex tradeoffs including:
User demand,
Regulatory conditions,
Cost,
Backward compatibility, and
Assessment of dominant 3G standards
2.5G systems allow existing 2G equipment to be
modified and supplemented with new add-ons and
software upgrades to support higher data rate
transmissions for the Internet
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
15
2.5 Generation Technologies - 2
2.5G services include:
 Web browsing, E-mail traffic, mobile commerce, and locationbased mobile services
 Supports Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) - allows web
pages to be viewed in compressed format
2G
IS-95
IS-136
& PDC
GSM
GPRS
2.5G
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
IS-95B
HSCSD
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
EDGE
16
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
3rd Generation (3G)
Technologies
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
17
What is 3G Wireless Systems ? - 1
 Initiated around 2000 and standard based on wideband CDMA
 FCC Definition:
 “3G systems will provide access, by means of one or more
radio links, to a wide range of telecommunication services
supported by the fixed telecommunication networks and to
other services that are specific to mobile users. A range of
mobile terminal types will be encompassed, linking to
terrestrial and/or satellite-based networks, and the terminals
may be designed for mobile or fixed use”
 Another Definition:
 “ability to receive live music, conduct interactive web
sessions, and have simultaneous voice and data access
with multiple parties at the same time using a single mobile
handset, whether driving, walking, or standing still in an
office setting”
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
18
What is 3G Wireless Systems ? - 2
3G is a collection of standards and technologies
defined by international organizations, to improve the
PERFORMANCE, QUALITY and EFFICIENCY of
wireless systems
3G is based on the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000
An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) worked on defining a mobile system
that fulfills the IMT-2000 standards
 This system (3G plane of capabilities) is called the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services
(UMTS)
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
19
3rd Generation Vision
Common spectrum worldwide
1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz
Wide range of new services
Data centric (eg. Internet) and multimedia oriented
Data bit rates up to 2 Mbps
Seamless global roaming
Improved security and performance
Support a variety of terminal (from PDA to desktop)
Intensive use of Intelligent Network (IN) technology
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
20
3G Spectrum Availability
3G
MSS*
ITU
1885
1930
Japan
1885 1895
DCS
1800
1918.1
1980
1996
Unl.
A D B E F C PCS
2010 2025
A D B E F C
2170
2110
2110
Broadcast
Auxiliary
1990
All Frequencies in MHz
2200
MSS
2186 2200
3G
MSS
PCS
1910 1930
2110
2200
MSS
3G
2025
PCS
2170
3G
MSS
1885
1850
2110 2120
2010 2025
3G
1710 1785 1805 1880 1900
2025
MSS
MSS*
* Region 2
MSS
3G
USA
2010
1980
DCS DECT
1800
China
MSS
3G
PHS
Europe
3G
MSS
2200
Reserve
2110
2150
2200
3G System Capabilities - 1
 Improved performance over 2G, 2.5G including:
 Improved capacity
 Improved coverage, enabling migration from a 2G
deployment
 Capability to support circuit & packet data at high bit rates:
 144 kbps or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic
 384 kbps for pedestrian traffic
 2 Mbps or higher for indoor traffic
 Interoperability and roaming
 Common billing/user profiles:
 Sharing of usage/rate information between service providers
 Standardized call detail recording
 Standardized user profiles
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
22
3G System Capabilities - 2
 Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles and
report it to both the network and the mobile terminal
 A high degree of operator flexibility, including:
 Support of asynchronous inter-base-station operation;
 Efficient support of different deployment scenarios, including
hierarchical cell structure and hot-spot scenarios;
 Support of evolutionary technologies such as adaptive
antenna arrays and multi-user detection
 Support of multimedia services/capabilities:
 Fixed and variable rate bit traffic
 Bandwidth on demand
 Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links
 Multimedia mail store and forward
 Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
23
Why 3G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new
applications!
For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
For business
High speed networking / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
24
How fast Exactly is 3G?
 The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of
various factors including:
 Chip rate
 Channel structure
 Power control
 Number of users in a cell
 Distance of user from cell
 User is moving or stationary
 Synchronization
 There is no clear definition of the speeds users can expect from
3G equipment or providers
 Thus customer using the 3G service may not be able to point to
a standard and say that the speed it specifies are not being met
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
25
Issues on 3G Technologies
Several issues continue to hamper its growth.
Huge capital required to build infrastructure
for 3G services
High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G
services
Health impact of electromagnetic waves
Prices are very high for 3G mobile services
Will 2G users switch to 3G services
Takes time to catch up as the service is new
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
26
Potential 3G Applications
Interactive news delivery
(voice, video, graphics,
email)
 Voice/High quality audio
Still photography
Video
Data transmission
services
Internet gaming
Interactive audio
File transfer from the
Internet
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Voice/CD quality music
Multimedia email (graphics,
voice and video)
Video Conferencing
Web Browser
 On-line services
 Time schedule
 Global positioning
services
 Geographical
information systems
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
27
Commercial 3G Services
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
28
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
Evolution to 3G
Technologies
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
29
Introduction to 3G Technologies
3G Phase 1: cdmaOne to cdma2000 1xRTT
 1xRTT keeps same chip rate carrier BW
 Splits I and Q phase planes, 2x capacity!
 Keep existing IS-95-based channels for
backwards compatibility with IS-95 mobiles
 IS-95B enhancements retained
 Adds new radio configurations, adds new
FWD and REV channels
 New optional control channels
 New traffic channels for faster data
 New codes and spreading techniques
 Operators can deploy 1xRTT with no additional spectrum and
minor equipment upgrading
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
30
3G Phase 2: cdma2000 1xRTT to 3xRTT
Fwd link expanded to 3 carriers,
1.2288 Mcps ea for 1.25 MHz BW
 as traffic loading changes, active Walsh
codes are not duplicated on the carriers so
maintain orthogonality and share capacity
 Rev link expands to 3x current chip rate,
3.6864 Mcps, fits in 5 MHz
Adds new radio configurations and
new supplemental channels faster
than possible in 1xRTT
Increased spreading rate requires
new Rev short codes, other
refinements
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
1xRTT
3xRTT
FWD
REV
•Forward Link 3 1x carriers
•Rev Link 1 3x carrier
•Sectors different short PNs
•Mobiles different Long PNs
•Independent Short PN I & Q
•∼70 max users/sector/carrier
•More rates, modes, channels
•Better admin. & pwr. Ctrl.
•New Features/enhancements
31
3G Phase 2 Alternatives: 1xEV
 1x alternatives offers data rates just as fast as 3x!
 1xEV -1x EVolution is the term used to describe technology
 Qualcomm’s proprietary High Data Rates (HDR) technology dedicates a
1x carrier for fast data only use - no voice
 This is called 1xEV DO (Data Only)
 Motorola and Nokia teamed up to develop and promote an alternative 1x
technology under the trade name 1Xtreme
 Uses more complex modulation techniques
 Offers up to 4.9 Mb/s data rates
 Backwards compatible with voice and data on same carrier
 This is called 1xEV DV (Data and Voice)
 Both 1xEV DO and 1xEV DV use fragile modulation schemes
 Maximum claimed rates available only under ideal conditions (near
unloaded base stations)
 Despite drawbacks, 1xEV is still more attractive to operators than 3xRTT
 3xRTT requires three physical carriers and substantially more BTS
equipment than 1xEV!
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
32
3G Standards
A family of IMT-2000 Standards
IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
IMT-2000
CDMA
Multi-Carrier
IMT-2000
CDMA
Direct Spread
IMT-2000
CDMA
TDD
IMT-2000
TDMA
Single Carrier
CDMA2000
family
WCDMA
(UMTS)
UTRA TDD &
TD-CDMA
UWC-136/
EDGE
IMT-2000
FDMA/
TDMA
DECT
3G CDMA
Although there are five terrestrial standards, most
of the attention and investment has been placed
towards the 3G CDMA standards
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
33
Part 1
TDMA IS-136 Technology Path to 3G
Generation
1G
2G
Technology
AMPS
TDMA
IS-54
IS-136
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
30 kHz,
1
30 kHz,
3 users
Data
Capabilities
None,
2.4K by
modem
none
Features:
Incremental
Progress
1st System,
Capacity
&
Handoffs
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
USA’s 1st
Digital
Wireless
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
34
1G
2G
2G
AMPS
TDMA IS-54
IS-136
GSM
Signal Bandwidth,
#Users
30 kHz,
1
30 kHz,
3 users
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
Data
Capabilities
None, 2.4K
by modem
none
none
Features:
Incremental
Progress
1st System,
Capacity &
Handoffs
USA’s 1st
Digital
Wireless
Europe’s
1st Digital
Wireless
1G
2G
2G
2.5G or 3?
AMPS
TDMA IS-54
IS-136
GSM
GPRS
Signal Bandwidth,
#Users
30 kHz,
1
30 kHz,
3 users
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
200 kHz, Many
Pkt. Users
Data
Capabilities
None, 2.4K
by modem
none
none
9-160 kb/s
Features:
Incremental
Progress
1st System,
Capacity &
Handoffs
USA’s 1st
Digital
Wireless
Europe’s
1st Digital
Wireless
Generation
Technology
Generation
Technology
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Packet IP
Access,
Multiple Users
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
35
Generation
1G
2G
2G
2.5G or 3?
3G
AMPS
TDMA
IS-54
IS-136
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
Technology
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Data
Capabilities
Features:
Incremental
Progress
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
200 kHz.
Many
Pkt. users
200 kHz.
fast data
many users
30 kHz.
1
30 kHz.
3 users
None,
2.4K by
modem
none
none
9-160 Kb/s
(conditions
determine)
384 Kb/s
mobile user
First
System,
Capacity
&
Handoffs
USA’s
first
Digital
wireless
Europe’s
first
Digital
wireless
•Packet IP
access
•Multiple
attached
users
Faster data
rates on
dedicated
200 kHz
data carrier
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
36
Generation
1G
2G
AMPS
TDMA
IS-54
IS-136
Technology
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Data
Capabilities
Features:
Incremental
Progress
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
2G
GSM
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
30 kHz.
1
30 kHz.
3 users
None,
2.4K by
modem
none
none
First
System,
Capacity
&
Handoffs
USA’s
first
Digital
wireless
Europe’s
first
Digital
wireless
2.5G or 3?
GPRS
3G
3G
EDGE
UMTS
UTRA
WCDMA
200 kHz.
fast data
many users
3.84 MHz.
up to 200+
voice users
and data
9-160 Kb/s
(conditions
determine)
384 Kb/s
mobile user
2Mb/s
static user
•Packet IP
access
•Multiple
attached
users
Faster data
rates on
dedicated
200 kHz
data carrier
Integrated
voice and
data
200 kHz.
Many
Pkt. users
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
37
IS-95 CDMA Technology Path to 3G
2G CDMA - IS-95A and J-Std 008
Signal Structure:
1.2288 Mcps spreading, signal ∼1.25 MHz wide
Traffic Channel Capabilities:
Data Rate: 9.6 kb/s or 14.4 kb/s traffic channels
IS-95B: CDMA 2G Enhancements
IS-95B is still considered 2G, but offers some
needed enhancements to IS-95A
Improved Access Methods
Improved Handoff Methods
Faster Data Services
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
38
Part 2
CDMA Technology Path to 3G
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
39
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
40
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
41
Part 3
CDMA Technology Path to 3G
GSM technology transition to 3G is in 3 phases
Phase 1: adds a packet-switched radio network as
an overlay on the existing physical structure
Phase 2: replaces base stations and controllers
with the new UTRA sub-network
Phase 3: introduces UMTS handsets and their
corresponding Subscriber Identity Modules (SIM)
Core functionality of the existing network is maintained
throughout the three phases of migration
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
42
GSM Technology – the Beginning
Generation
1G
2G
Technology
Various Analog
Systems
GSM
Signal Bandwidth,
#Users
Various
200 kHz,
7.5 avg.
Data
Capabilities
Various
none
Various
Europe’s
first Digital
wireless
Features:
Incremental
Progress
PLMN
PSTN
Conventional GSM
Core Network
VLR
ISDN
Gateway
MSC
HLR
SIM
MSC
Mobile
Switching
Center
BTC
Base
Station
Controller
BTS
Base
Station
Transceiver
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Equipment
Internet
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
43
Phase 1: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
GPRS uses aggregated timeslots of existing GSM
base stations to transmit packet data
IP routers and Gateway GPRS support nodes
added to forward IP packets to users
GPRS supports multiple data rates: 9.06, 13.4,
15.6, and 21.4 kb/s per GSM timeslot and total
rates of 40-60 kb/s
Each BSC has a parallel Packet Controller Unit (PCU),
which manages all packet streams
GPRS provides IP capability in the near term, well in
advance of the higher bandwidths possible on fullyimplemented UMTS systems
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
44
Phase 1: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
PLMN
PSTN
2.5G: Conventional GSM + GPRS
Core Network
VLR
ISDN
Gateway
MSC
HLR
Internet
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
SIM
MSC
Mobile
Switching
Center
Gateway
GPRS
Gateway
GPRS
(Support
Node)
(Support
Node)
BTC
Base
Station
PCU Controller
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
BTS
Base
Station
Transceiver
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Equipment
45
Generation
1G
2G
2.5G or 3?
Technology
Various
Analog
Systems
GSM
GPRS
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
200 kHz.
Many
Pkt. users
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Data
Capabilities
Features:
Incremental
Progress
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Various
Various
Various
none
9-160 Kb/s
(conditions
determine)
Europe’s
first Digital
wireless
•Packet IP
access
•Multiple
attached
users
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
46
EDGE: Shortcut to Fast Data or
Unneeded Detour on the Road to UMTS?
 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a speedenhancing modulation upgrade for data transmission & has
variants for both GSM-GPRS & TDMA IS-136 systems
 EDGE uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) and
8-phase Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) to allow 144kb/s bit
rates for mobile users and up to 384kb/s for pedestrian
users
 EDGE interest has fluctuated and many GSM and TDMA
operators have chosen not to pursue it, believing it is more
efficient to move directly to UMTS
 This has led to several manufacturers abandoning their
EDGE development activities
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
47
Generation
1G
2G
2.5G or 3?
3G
Technology
Analog Systems
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
Signal Bandwidth,
#Users
Various
200 kHz,
7.5 avg.
200 kHz, many
Pkt. Users
200 kHz. fast data
many users
Data
Capabilities
Various
none
9-160 Kb/s
384 Kb/s
mobile user
Features:
Incremental
Progress
Various
Europe’s
1st Digital
wireless
Packet IP
Access,
Multiple
Users
Faster data rates on
dedicated 200 kHz
data carrier
Generation
1G
2G
2.5G or 3?
3G
3G
Technology
Various Analog
Systems
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS. UTRA,
WCDMA
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Various
200 kHz,
7.5 avg.
200 kHz,
Many Pkt.
Users
200 kHz, fast
data, many
users
3.84 MHz up to
200+voice users
and data
Data
Capabilities
Various
none
9-160 Kb/s
384 Kb/s
mobile user
2 Mb/s
static user
Features:
Incremental
Progress
Various
Europe’s 1st
Digital
wireless
•Packet IP
access
•Multiple
Users
Faster data
rates on
dedicated 200
kHz data carrier
Integrated
voice and
data
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
48
3 Steps of GSM to 3G
PLMN
PSTN
Conventional GSM
Core Network
SIM
VLR
ISDN
Gateway
MSC
HLR
MSC
Mobile
Switching
Center
BTC
Base
Station
Controller
BTS
Base
Station
Transceiver
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Equipment
Internet
PLMN
PSTN
2.5G: Conventional GSM + GPRS
Core Network
VLR
ISDN
Gateway
MSC
HLR
Internet
PLMN
PSTN
Gateway
GPRS
(Support
Node)
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
BTS
Base
Station
Transceiver
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Equipment
3G: UMTS, UTRA
Core Network
Gateway
MSC
HLR
Internet
BTC
Base
Station
PCU Controller
Gateway
GPRS
(Support
Node)
VLR
ISDN
SIM
MSC
Mobile
Switching
Center
Gateway
GPRS
(Support
Node)
MSC
Mobile
Switching
Center
RNC
Radio
Network
Controller
Node B
SIM
Node B
User
Equipment
Gateway
GPRS
(Support
Node)
RNC
Radio
Network
Controller
Node B
Mobile
Equipment
Node B
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
49
Summary of Migration Paths
Transition Technologies
2G Technology
CDMA
GSM
GSM+
GSM+
GPRS
GPRS
3G Technology
cdma2000
1xEV DO
1xEV DV
3xRTT
UMTS
WCDMA
Frequency
Division
Duplexing
Time
Division
Duplexing
EDGE and
136 HS
outdoor
TDMA
UWC-136
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
136 HS
indoor
50
Migration To 3G
3G
2.75G
Intermediate
Multimedia
2.5G
Multimedia
Packet Data
2G
Digital Voice
1G
Analog Voice
GPRS
GSM
EDGE
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
384 Kbps
Up to 2 Mbps
115 Kbps
NMT
9.6 Kbps
GSM/
GPRS
TD-SCDMA
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
2 Mbps?
TDMA
TACS
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
PDC
(Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS
CDMA 1xRTT
CDMA
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
PHS
1984 - 1996+
1992 - 2000+
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
PHS
(IP-Based)
144 Kbps
64 Kbps
2001+
2003+
Over 2.4 Mbps
2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Technology Evolution
world
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
NTT DoCoMo
PDC
U.S.
iDEN
W-CDMA
HSPDA
cdma2000
1xEV-DV
(1XTREME)
AT
&T
Japan
U.S.
U.S./Asia
IS-136
IS-95A
2G
iDEN
packet data
a
re
o
K
IS-95B
2.5G
3G
1xEV-DO
(HDR)
UMB
UMB
291/79 Mbps
(20 MHz)
Peak Data Rates
LTE
LTE
278/57 Mbps
(20 MHz)
WWAN Bandwidth in a Mobile
Environment
Peak Data Rate (Mobile)
IMT-2000
Technologies
“Always on”
packet data
connections
1xEV
EV-DO Rev B
Scalable Bandwidth EV-DO
73.5 / 27 Mbps
(20 MHz)
EV-DO Rev A
3.1/1.8 Mbps*
(1.25 MHz)
3GPP Rel 6
14.4/5.8 Mbps***
3GPP Rel 5
(5 MHz)
7.2/ 0.384 Mbps**
(5 MHz)
HSUPA
HSDPA
1xEV
1xEV
EV-DO Rel 0 (Data Optimized)
2.4/ 0.153 Mbps
(1.25 MHz)
153.6 kbps
(1.25MHz)
9.6 kbps
IS-95
14.4 - 64 kbps
GPRS
GSM
1993
1995
WCDMA
1X
2000
2001
EDGE
< 60 kbps
2002
2003
384 kbps
(5 MHz)
< 160 kbps
2004
2005
2006 2007 2008
2009 2010
2011
Commercial Availability
Source: AT&T Wireless, SKT, Cingular, Samsung, Nokia, NTT DoCoMo and QUALCOMM
Note: Peak data rates, DL/UL, are “not to scale” and dependent upon different bandwidths.
* Based on QUALCOMM’s chipset (MSM 6800)
** Based on QUALCOMM’s 2nd HSDPA chipset (MSM6280)
Wireless Technology Evolution
to 3G
Forth Generation (4G) Wireless
(beyond 3G)
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
54
Forth Generation (4G) Wireless
(beyond 3G)
4G vision is centered on globally integrated
communication network interconnecting in a
transparent way
A multitude of heterogeneous networks and
systems
Entirely IP base
4G slogan - “Any Service at Any Time”
A flexible re-configurable network that enables
simultaneous optimization of bandwidth, and QoS
 Future Wireless Networks
 Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
55
· Steaming Audio/Video
Services supported
· Seamless Ubiquitous
Connectivity
Broadband
Cellular
· 100+Mbps Data Rates
· Asymmetric Access
· Smart Antennaa Supported
Ubiquitous
Access
· Wireless LAN, Fixed
wireless access
· Digital broadcasting
Adaptability
4G Vision
·
·
·
·
Adaptive Modulation/Coding
Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
Software Radio
QoS Control
Packet
Centric
Convergence
· True IP
· Optimal Cost
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
56
The Long-Range Picture
 Commercial telegraphy gave birth to telephony, then died
 Telephony and Land Mobile Radio married, giving birth to IMTS
& Cellular
 IP networks is developed, usage and bandwidth are increasing
 3G is the wedding of IP and Wireless!
Glossary
ITU
IMT-2000
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DV
GSM
iDEN
GPRS
EDGE
AMPS
UMTS
HSDPA
HSUPA
LTE
UMB
International Telecommunication Union, a UN agency
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000, ITU globally coordinated
definition of 3G
EVolution Data Only
EVolution Data Video
Global System for Mobile communications
iDEN - Integrated Digital Enhanced Network - A wireless technology from
Motorola to support multimedia, SMS and 2-way radio in one phone.
General Packet Radio Service
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Advanced Mobile Phone Service
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access is an enhanced 3G mobile
telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access, a 3G mobile protocol, an upgrade to
UMTS that allows for uplink connections as fast as 5.76Mbps
Long Term Evolution - a 4G wireless all-IP protocol broadband
technology developed by the 3GPP.
Ultra Mobile Broadband - an ultra fast 4G technology that supports
broadband data rate delivering IP-based multimedia services
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
58
Conclusion
3G is a new technology but has vast unexploited
market and revenue base
3G - Anywhere Anytime Connectivity?
Still many Challenges to 3G implementation
Coming 4G and beyond…..
Its not the end, Way ahead…
 Future Wireless Networks
 Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
© Dr. Okey Ugweje
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
59
Dr. Okey Ugweje
[email protected]
09-290-4968
0806-974-3551