Transcript Communication/Social Networking Processes and Systems

MIS 2000
Communication and
Social Networking
Processes & Systems
Updated: 2017
Outline
• Communication concepts
• Organizational communication (characteristics)
• Communication Systems & Technologies
• Communication processes and social networks
2
Communication Concept and System
• Communication is the process of creating, exchanging and interpreting
messages.
Sender
Receiver
Create
message
Receive
message
Send
message
Interpret
Message/Get
Informed
Sender
Communication
System
Receiver
Create
message
Accept &
Format input
Receive
message
Send
message
Modify signal,
Transfer signal
over network
Interpret
Message
Accept output
Face-to-face communication
Mediated
communication
3
Organizational Communication (OC)
• OC is different than communication in family, among friends
and other informal situations.
• OC is a component of management tasks.
• Management communication is for:
– (a) Announcing news
– (b) Ordering
– (c) Reporting to superiors (lines of reporting support
hierarchy in an organization).
Vertical, One-Way Communication
Top
Hierarchy
Bottom
Superordinate,
Receiver
Manager-Sender
Sub-ordinate
Receiver
4
Organizational Communication (OC)
• Professional communication is for:
–
(a) Sharing professional knowledge
– (b) Collaborating in executing work inside
and outside of an organization.
– (c) Discussing issues in decision making
(meetings)
•
Sender
Receiver
Receiver
Sender
Two-Way Communication
(reciprocal interdependence)
All organization members also communicate in order to
socialize (expanding relationships beyond work-related,
bonding)
• OC is driven by rules on content, format (reports, sales
documents), and timing (reporting dates).
5
Organizational Communication (OC)
• Organizational culture also influences OC (acceptable/
“politically correct” language; who talks to whom)
• Hierarchy vs. professional culture differ on who should talk to
whom & when
• Organizational culture also influences use & roles of
communication systems.
6
Communication Technologies and Systems
• Classical:
• Telegraph, Teletype, Telex (19 c.-mid 20th c.)
• Landline telephone (end of 19th c.)
• Facsimile (fax) (19th c.; several generations)
• Newer:
• electronic bulletin boards (1980s)
• electronic mail (email) (1980s)
• cell phone (1970s) & smart phone (1990s)
7
Internet
•
The Internet is a global network of networks (inter-network) created
via TCP/IP software and special hardware (routers, modems).
•
We say that “a computer, smart phone or an whole loca network,
which support (run) TCP/IP are on the Internet”.
•
Packet-switching principle:
A message is routed through the Internet in packets via different
routes, then reassembled at the receiving point (figure below). This
makes Internet economical, fast, and reliable.
SENDER (S)
5
2
Message packets:
P1, P2, P3, P4
1
3
6
Routes:
P1: S, 1, 3, 6, 8, R (straight)
4
7
P2: S, 1, 2, 5, 8, R (straight)
P3: S, 1, 4, 7, 9, R (straight)
P4: S, 1, 3, 2, 5, 8, R (bypassing 6 as it is down or used)
8
RECEIVER (R)
9
8
Internet - TCP/IP
• Internet technology has 4 “layers” that work together both on
the sender and receiver side (see Note):
Sender
Receiver
Email (SMTP),
file transfer (FTP,
HTTP)*
TCP
IP
9
Internet - How It Works
SMTP protocol supports
creation of textual email
messages.
TCP breaks message into
packets.
IP attaches receiving
address on each packet,
and contacts next router.
Network protocol
physically puts packets
onto the communication
medium (wire, air).
SENDER
RECEIVER
SMTP restores original format
of message and presents it
onscreen.
Puts packets back in proper
orders and checks their
size.
Reports reception of packets
back to routers last involved
in transfer.
Collects packets from communication medium.
10
Wireless Internet
1) WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) – wireless access to Internet
(cell/smart phone, other mobile tech., laptop)
Wi-Fi hot spots, tethering*, data transfer part of cell phone
networks, mobile Internet
Access ranges from 100m to kilometers
2) WiMAX covers 50 km range (video on virtual school in
Somalia).
15
3) Voice over IP (VIP) New Internet
protocol for using Internet as a telephone
system (voice and text & video)
Computers act as phones phone (Skype),
or special VoIP phones used, or classical
phone with adapter (MagicJack)
VoIP node has Internet address and can
be plugged anywhere without changing its
“number” (IP address)
Big savings compared to classical phone
12
Communication Processes
and Social Networks
• A social network is an informal social gathering based on regular
communication. It can emerge around social media.
• A social network exists if:
a) messages flow regularly (with a certain frequency) AND
b) communication actors value the messages (they are important).
Social media do not create automatically social networks.
Hub
Communication
Star
Centrality: Network hub
Communication lines pass
through hub
Centrality: Communication star
13
Social Media
• Named in contrast to mass news media (TV, radio, press).
• Social media:
– consist of communication and information systems
– are Internet-based and
– feature user-generated content.
14
Social Networking Website
•
1) Social Networking Website supports informal communication
between Internet users and possibly special functions (digital
items sharing, music streaming, gaming, etc.).
•
Examples: Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn
•
Deploy various communication systems:
– text messaging (chat), electronic bulletin boards (postings—
responses; “writing on the wall” in Facebook)
•
Deploy other systems as well (e.g., digital photo album)
•
Uses: Job market, communication among professionals
(LinkedIn), Marketing, Public Relations
•
Issues: privacy, socially adverse effects (negative social
comparison, isolation (!), etc.)
15
Twitter
• 2) Twitter is an Internet-based system that connects to cell
phone networks and is used for one-way communication via
short text messages.
• Uses: public relations (e.g., Canadian Premier), politics (Presidenst
Obama and Trump), advertising (e.g., North Face)
• Issues
– Who is the receiver of your tweets? (control issue)
– Privacy (many issues; Twitter company's privacy rules)
– Accuracy, copyright (Twitter company's terms of use)
16
Blog
•
3) Blog (from words “Web log”) is a Web-based system for selfstyled publishing inside and outside organizations.
•
Software and hosting: WordPress, Google, tumblr
•
Uses:
– Experts publish their opinions; so Blog is also a KWS.
– Brand advertising, PR Marketing
•
Features:
– easy creation and posting of text, possibly two-way,
“syndication”*
•
Issues:
– Trade secret disclosure, Accuracy, Bloggers’ trade-offs
•
Social Media List
17
Summary 1/2
•
Communication is the process of creating, exchanging and
interpreting messages.
•
A communication system has a sending device, receiving device, and
connecting network.
•
Managers use OC for announcing, ordering, and reporting.
•
Professionals use OC for discussion, knowledge exchange, and
collaboration.
•
OC is shaped by rules on content, format (reports, sales documents),
timing (reporting dates), and organizational culture.
•
OC can be face-to-face and mediated by communication technologies,
inside and outside an organization.
•
Social network is a grouping of people who communicate regularly
and value the messages exchanged. It can be peer, hierarchical, or
flat.
18
Summary 2/2
•
Social media (SM) are special websites and communication systems
supporting Internet users; the content is user-generated.
•
SM attract ordinary people with shared interests (Facebook, LinkedIn,
Twitter, blogs). Organizational uses: marketing, public relations, HR.
•
Privacy, accuracy, copyright and trade secret protection are some of
issues social media have brought up.
•
The Internet is a global network of networks created by special
software and hardware. TCP/IP is the software with four layers, which
connects different networks into the Internet. A message is routed
through the Internet in packets, and each of the TCP/IP layers plays a
role.
•
Voice over IP (VoIP) is an Internet protocol (software layer) for using
Internet as a telephone system. Creates big savings.
•
Wireless networks use radio waves for transfer of messages (WiFi, cell
phone).
19