PPT - Institute for Web Science and Technologies

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Transcript PPT - Institute for Web Science and Technologies 

Web Science & Technologies
University of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany
The Web in Two Slides
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
1
…a short history of the Web…
<HTML>
Aalta
Phone
book
<HTML>
CERN
Researcher
Aalta 234 789
…
Zyström 981
<HTML>
Zyström
Colleague
Tel 981
~1989
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
2
Interests…
Phone 789
World Wide Web
WWW :=
Hypertext &
Internet &
Social Phenomenon
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
3
Web Science & Technologies
University of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany
History of the Internet & Web
http://www.livinginternet.com/
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
4
Internet
"The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language
reflects our definition of the term "Internet". "Internet" refers to the global
information system that
1. is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on
the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;
2. is able to support communications using the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
3. provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level
services layered on the communications and related infrastructure
described herein."
On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the
term Internet. This definition was developed in consultation with the
leadership of the Internet and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Communities.
→ http://www.hpcc.gov/fnc/Internet_res.html
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
5
What does this mean
1. The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks
connecting academic, governmental, commercial, and
organizational sites.
2. It provides access to communication services and
information resources to millions of users around the globe.
3. Internet services include:
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direct communication (e-mail, IRC-chat)
online conferencing (Usenet News, e-mail discussion lists)
distributed information resources (World Wide Web, Gopher)
remote login and file transfer (telnet, ftp)
and many other valuable tools and resources (internet telephony)
→ The Internet and the WWW are no synonyms
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
6
Creation of ARPANET (1)
 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik I
United States were shocked
 Advanced Research Projects
Agency
 Technological think-tank
 Space, ballistic missiles and nuclear
test monitoring
 Communication between operational
base and subcontracters
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
7
Creation of ARPANET (2)
 1962 – computer research program
 Leaded by John Licklider (MIT)
 Leonard Kleinrock published his first paper on
packet-switching theory
 1965 – first “wide area network” created
 Connection between Berkeley and MIT
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
8
Creation of ARPANET (3)
 1967 – plans for ARPANET
were published
 MIT – NPL (UK) – RAND
 1969 – Interface Message
Processor (IMP)
 4 computers (UCLA, SRI,
UCSB and UTAH)
 1971 – 23 host computers
(15 nodes)
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
9
From ARPANET to Internet (1)
 1972 – ARPANET went ‘public’
 ICCC
 First program for person-to-person communication
(e-mail)
 1973
 75% of all ARPANET traffic is e-mail
 First international connection (University College of
London)
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
10
From ARPANET to Internet (2)
 1974 – TCP/IP
 Each network should work on its own
 Within each network there would be a ‘gateway’
 Packages would be routed through the fastest
available route
 Large mainframe computers
 Several years of modification and redesign
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
11
From ARPANET to Internet (3)
 1974/1982 – Networks launched
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Telenet – first commercial version of ARPANET
MFENet – researchers into Magnetic Fusion Energy
HEPNet – researchers into High Energy Physics
SPAN – space physicists
Usenet – open system focusing on e-mail and
newsgroups
Bitnet – university scientists using IBM computers
CSNet – Computer Scientists in universities, industry
and government
Eunet – European version of the Unix network
EARN – European version of Bitnet
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
12
From ARPANET to Internet (4)
 1974/1982
 Very chaotic
 Different competing techniques and protocols
 ARPANET is still the backbone
 1982 – The internet is born using the TCP/IP
standard
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
13
From Internet to WWW (1)
 System expands
 Advances in computer capacities and speeds
 Introduction of glass-fibre cables
 Problems created by its own success
 More computers are linked (1984 – 1000 hosts)
 Large volume of traffic (success of e-mail)
 1984 – Introduction DNS
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
14
From Internet to WWW (2)
 Use of internet throughout the higher
educational system
 British government – Joint Academic Network
 US National Science Foundation – NSFNet
 NSFNet
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Use of TCP/IP
Federal Agencies share cost of infrastructures
NSFNet shared infrastructure
Support behind the ‘Internet Activities Board’
NSFNet provided the ‘backbone’
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
15
From Internet to WWW (3)
 NSFNet
 broke the capacity bottleneck
 encouraged a surge in Internet use
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1984 – 1,000 hosts
1986 – 5,000 hosts
1987 – 28,000 hosts
1989 – 100,000 hosts
1990 – 300,000 hosts
 encouraged the development of private Internet
providers
 Commercial users
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
16
From Internet to WWW (4)
 1990 – ARPANET was wound up
 1990 – first search-engine (Archie)
 1991 – NSF removed restrictions on private
access
 “Information superhighway” project
[Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939]
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
17
WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE IN
THIS PICTURE?
1980s, not on the internet but at
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
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Prodigy
online service that offered its subscribers access to a broad
range of networked services, including
 news,
 weather,
 shopping,
 bulletin boards,
 games,
 polls,
 expert columns,
 banking,
 stocks,
 travel,
and a variety of other features.
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
19
Compuserve
 Started for renting time on PDP-10
 Consumer information services (CIS), from 1978 onwards
 Computers were idle in the evening
 online services to PC users.
 Email 1978
 Chat 1980
 File transfer
 Online games
 Forums
 First Internet provider 1989
 For email
 1997 full embrace of WWW standards
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
20
AOL
 Founded 1983 for online service for games for
 Atari video console
 Later C64
 Email
 Walled garden
online communities
 Later: access to internet
 Biggest online player in the pre-Web aera
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
21
Lessons learned
 Online services existed before the Web
 Most of what we see now, though in simpler forms
 Why did few people notice?
 Sometimes expensive (e.g. access USD 10 per hour)
 Innovation limited by (mostly) client-server model
• Online providers did everything – this is great – but its even
greater if the rest of the world innovates for you!
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
22
HISTORY OF THE WEB
http://www.w3.org/History.html
http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
23
Pre-Hypertext
 1945: Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly
about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a
Memex, for memory extension, which could make and
follow links between documents on microfiche
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
24
1960s Invention of Hypertext and -media
 Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext and starts the first
hypertext project (Xanadu) in 1962
(cf http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/hypertext.html)
 Doug Engelbart prototypes "oNLine System" (NLS)
 hypertext browsing editing,
 email
 Invents the mouse
 1968: „The mother of all demos“
 Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing
System and FRESS in 1967.
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
25
Hypertext Hypermedia and the Conference
Targets: Hypertext should be
 Sound
 Comprehensive
 Many features
 Backlinks
 ....
 Industrial usage
 Apple
 HyperG/Hyperwave
 ....
 Focus:
 PC
 User should never experience a broken link
WeST
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
26
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
27
The World Wide Web (1)
 1989 – WWW concept
by Tim Berners-Lee
 Information Management
a Proposal
 http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html
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Steffen Staab
[email protected]
28
Browser
1990 – first browser/editor program
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29
The World Wide Web (2)
 1993 National Center for SuperComputing
Applications launched Mosaic X
 1994 First WWW conference
 1994 W3C started at MIT
 Commercial websites began their proliferation
 Followed by local school/club/family sites
 The web exploded
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1994 – 3,2 million hosts and 3,000 websites
1995 – 6,4 million hosts and 25,000 websites
1997 – 19,5 million hosts and 1,2 million websites
January 2001 – 110 million hosts and 30 million
websites
Steffen Staab
[email protected]
30
The World Wide Web (4) – some facts
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1994/1995 Amazon
1994/1995 Wiki
1995 AltaVista Search Engine
1995 Internet Explorer
1997-2001 Browser wars
1996-1998 XML recommendation
1998 Google
1999 First W3C recommendation on RDF (Semantic Web)
2001 Dot.Com bubble bursts
2001 Wikipedia
2003/2004 Facebook
2004 Flickr
2005 YouTube
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http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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