Transcript A Guide to Windows 2000 Server

Chapter 3
Chapter 3:
Planning Network Protocols
and Compatibility
Learning Objectives
Chapter 3
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Explain basic network concepts,
including network terms, types of
networks, and network cards
Explain the NDIS and ODI network
driver specifications
Explain the communications protocols
used in Windows 2000 Server, including
TCP/IP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and
AppleTalk
Learning Objectives (continued)
Chapter 3
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Plan network binding order, change the
binding order, and bind and unbind
protocols
Plan how to implement protocols on
different types of networks
Protocol
Chapter 3
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A protocol consists of guidelines for:
 How
data is formatted into discrete units
called packets and frames
 How packets and frames are transmitted
across one or more networks
 How packets and frames are interpreted at
the receiving end
Packets and Frames
Chapter 3
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Packets and frames are units of data
transmitted from one networked
computer or device to another.
Although packets and frames are often
used to have the same meaning, there
is a difference. Packets operate at a
higher communication layer and contain
routing information.
General Sections in Packets
and Frames
Chapter 3
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Header
Data
Trailer or footer
Packet and Frame Format
Chapter 3
Header with source,
destination, and routing
information
Variable-length data
Footer with
error data
Figure 3-1 Basic packet and frame format
Network Design
Chapter 3
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The basic design of a network is its
topology
Topology: The physical layout of the
cable and the logical path followed by
network packets and frames sent on the
cable
Local Area Network
Chapter 3
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Local area network (LAN): Joins
computers, printers, and other computer
equipment within a limited service area
and generally employs only one
topology
Example of a LAN
Chapter 3
LAN
Figure 3-2 A LAN in a building
Metropolitan Area Network
Chapter 3
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Metropolitan area network (MAN): A
network that links multiple LANs within a
large city or metropolitan area
Example of a MAN
Chapter 3
LAN
Research hospital
LAN
University chemistry
building
Pharmaceutical company
LAN
MAN connecting buildings in a city
Enterprise Network
Chapter 3
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Enterprise Network: A network that often
reaches throughout a large area, such
as a college campus, a city, or across
several states. A distinguishing factor of
an enterprise network is that it brings
together an array of network resources
such as many kinds of servers,
mainframes, printers, network devices,
intranets, and the Internet
Typical Resources in an
Enterprise Network
Chapter 3
Figure 3-3
Resources in an
enterprise network
Wide Area Network
Chapter 3
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Wide Area Network (WAN): A farreaching system of networks that can
extend across state lines and across
continents
Example of a WAN
Chapter 3
WAN Link
Los Angeles
New York
WAN across a continent
Network Interface Card
Communication Medium Options
Chapter 3
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Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet)
Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded)
Fiber-optic
Wireless (infrared, radio wave,
microwave, satellite)
Connecting a Medium to a NIC
Chapter 3
Figure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NIC
Device Address
Chapter 3
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Each NIC has a physical or device
address that is burned into a PROM on
the card
Media access control (MAC) address is
another way of describing the device
address
Ethernet and Token Ring
Chapter 3
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Ethernet: A network transport system
that uses a carrier sensing and collision
detection method to regulate data
transmissions
Token ring: A network transport method
that uses a token, which is passed from
node to node, to coordinate data
transmissions
NDIS
Chapter 3
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Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS):
A set of standards developed by Microsoft
and 3COM for network drivers that enables
communication between a NIC and a
protocol, and that enables the use of multiple
protocols on the same network
NDIS Architecture
Chapter 3
Network protocol (such as TCP/IP)
Windows 2000 with NDIS
driver installed binding the
protocol with the NIC
Network interface card
Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC
ODI
Chapter 3
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Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: A
driver that is used by Novell NetWare
networks to transport multiple protocols
on the same network
Microsoft-Supported
Communication Protocols
Chapter 3
Protocol
Function
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Software drivers for TCP/IP communications with
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
servers, workstations, mainframes, UNIX computers,
and Internet and intranet servers
NWLink (NetWare Link)
Microsoft developed drivers for communications with
Novell NetWare networks
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output
System)
A link to programs that use the NetBIOS interface
Microsoft-Supported
Protocols (continued)
Chapter 3
Protocol
Function
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
Software drivers for a data transport protocol used on
small Microsoft-based networks
DLC (Data Link Control protocol)
Software drivers for communications with IBM
mainframe and minicomputers and with specific
peripherals such as some types of printers
AppleTalk
Software drivers for communications with Apple
Macintosh computers
TCP/IP
Chapter 3
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
portion performs extensive error
checking to ensure that data is delivered
successfully
Internet Protocol (IP) portion consists of
rules for packaging data and ensuring
that it reaches the correct destination
address
Dotted Decimal Notation
Chapter 3
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Dotted Decimal Notation: An addressing
technique that uses four octets, such as
100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101,
converted to decimal (e.g.,
134.22.101.005), to differentiate individual
servers, workstations, and other network
devices.
Unicasting and Multicasting
Chapter 3
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In a unicast, a transmission is sent to
each client that requests a file or
application, such as a multimedia
presentation
In a multicast, a transmission is sent to
all requesting clients as a group
(reducing the total network traffic)
Unicasting and
Multicasting Compared
Chapter 3
Five separate
transmissions
to reach five
separate
workstations
One
tramsmission
to the
receiving
group(s) only
Multimedia server
Multimedia server
Receiving group
Unicasting to five clients
Multicasting to reach five
clients as a group
Figure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicasting
Subnet Mask
Chapter 3
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Subnet mask: A designated portion of
an IP address that is used to indicate
the class of addressing on a network
and to divide a network into
subnetworks as a way to control traffic
and enforce security
Configuring the IP Address and
Subnet Mask in Windows 2000
Chapter 3
Figure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setup
Static and Dynamic Addressing
Chapter 3
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Dynamic addressing: Involves
automatically assigning an IP address to
a network host
Static addressing: Involves manually
assigning an IP address to a network
host
TCP/IP Advantages
Chapter 3
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Well-suited for medium and large networks
Designed for routing; has high degree of
reliability
Used worldwide for directly connecting to the
Internet and by Web servers
Enables lower TCO on Microsoft networks
TCP/IP Advantages
Chapter 3
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Compatible with standard tools for analyzing
network performance
Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS
through a Windows 2000 server
Ability for diverse networks and operating
systems to communicate
Compatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets
TCP/IP Disadvantages
Chapter 3
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More difficult to set up and maintain
than other protocols
Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and
NetBEUI on networks with light to
medium traffic
Routing via TCP/IP
Chapter 3
Ethernet
Ethernet
Frame
forwarded
to the right
network by
the router
Transmitted
frame
TCP/IP-based
intranet server
Router
Ethernet
Figure 3-8
Router forwarding
packets to a
designated network
Ethernet
Frame
reaches the
designated
workstation
Ethernet
Planning Tip
Chapter 3
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For medium and large sized networks,
plan to use TCP/IP because it enables
you to manage and secure network
traffic through creating subnets
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
Chapter 3
Protocol or Application
Function
TCP
A connection-oriented protocol that is used with IP
for reliable end-to-end communications
UDP
Used with IP as an alternative to TCP in situations
requiring low overhead and in which connectionless
communications are appropriate
IP
Used with TCP or UP, a connectionless protocol
that handles addressing and routing
Telnet
Provides terminal emulation
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Used to transfer files
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)
Chapter 3
Protocol or Application
Function
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Provides electronic mail services
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Resolves computer names to IP addresses and IP
addresses to computer names
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Enables the sending node to determine the MAC or
physical address of another node
Simple Network Management Protocol Enables computers and network devices to gather
(SNMP)
network performance information so that a network
administrator can analyze performance and locate
problem areas
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)
Chapter 3
Protocol or Application
Function
Internet Group Management Protocol
Enables multicast packets to reach their recipients, and
(IGMP)
routers to determine which workstations belong to a
multicast group
Internet Control Message Protocol
Used for network error reporting, particularly via routing
(ICMP)
devices
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Used by routing devices to communicate the contents of
routing tables with one another
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)
Chapter 3
Protocol or Application
Function
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Used by routing devices to share routing table
information and to evaluate network paths to match a
type of transmission to the appropriate path
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Used to transport HTML documents over the Internet or
via an intranet
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)
Chapter 3
Protocol or Application
Function
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Used to enable a network application to reserve the
resources it needs such as bandwidth, service class, and
priority
Quality of Service (QoS)
Provides mechanisms to measure and allocate network
resources on the basis of transmission speed, quality,
priority, and reliability
IPX/SPX
Chapter 3
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IPX: A protocol developed by Novell for
use with its NetWare server operating
system (particularly for NetWare versions
before version 5)
SPX: A Novell connection-oriented
protocol used for network transport when
there is a particular need for data
reliability
NWLink
Chapter 3
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A network protocol that simulates the
IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows
95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications
with Novell NetWare file servers and
compatible devices
Client Service for
NetWare (CSNW) Components
Chapter 3
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Client Service for NetWare
NWLink IPX/SPX
NWLink NetBIOS
CSNW Installed in
Windows 2000
Chapter 3
Figure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installed
Configuring NWLink
Chapter 3
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Configure three elements:
 Frame
type
 Network number
 Internal network number
When to Configure the
Internal Network Number
Chapter 3
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When the NetWare server that is
accessed uses two or more frame types
When the Windows 2000 host has two
or more NICs and NWLink is bound to
more than one of the NICs
When an application uses NetWare’s
Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
When to Use NWLink
Chapter 3
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To enable a computer running Windows
2000 to access a NetWare server (preversion 5)
To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway
to a NetWare server
To enable NetWare clients to access a
Windows 2000 server
Planning Tip
Chapter 3
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If you upgrade NetWare servers to
version 5.x or higher, convert from
IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network
communication options and better
compatibility with Windows 2000
servers
NetBIOS
Chapter 3
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A combination software interface and
network naming convention
Available in Windows 2000 through the
files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and
NetBIOS.dll
NetBEUI
Chapter 3
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NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI):
A non-routable communications protocol
native to early Microsoft network
communications
NetBEUI and NetBIOS
Communication
Chapter 3
Started NetBIOS-compatible application
NetBIOS software
interface
(Transport driver)
Figure 3-10
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
communication
NetBEUI protocol
Sent onto the network
Planning Tip
Chapter 3
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When you upgrade from Windows NT Server
to Windows 2000 Server, plan to retire
NetBEUI implementations (if possible) and
convert upgraded servers and clients to
TCP/IP for more functionality
When to Use NetBEUI
Chapter 3
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For temporary backward compatibility
when converting from Windows NT
Server to Windows 2000 Server
For small networks that do not have
Internet access, that do not use the
Active Directory, that do not use routing,
and that require only a basic installation
For backward compatibility with
particular applications
DLC
Chapter 3
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Data Link Control (DLC) protocol:
Enables communication with older IBM
mainframes and minicomputers, and
with some older HP print server cards
When to Use DLC
Chapter 3
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To connect to IBM and other computers
that use Systems Network Architecture
(SNA) communications
To connect to older peripheral devices,
such as printers that use DLC
AppleTalk
Chapter 3
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AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used
in network communication between
Macintosh computers
Windows 2000 Server Services for
Macintosh include:
 File
Server for Macintosh (MacFile)
 Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint)
 AppleTalk protocol
When to Use AppleTalk
Chapter 3
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Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh
clients to connect to Windows 2000
Server
Binding Order
Chapter 3
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Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable
you to set a binding order which
establishes the protocol that will be tried
first in a network communication (or a
communication with a network printer)
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 3
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If network performance is slow and your
network uses a combination of
protocols, tune the binding order on
Windows NT and Windows 2000 clients
which can be an inexpensive way to
immediately relieve network congestion
Network Planning Considerations
Chapter 3
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Size and purpose of the organization
Potential growth
Proportion of mission-critical applications
Role of the network to the mission of the
organization
Security needs
Budget
Internet and intranet requirements
Interconnectivity requirements
Planning Tip
Chapter 3
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Begin network planning by
understanding:
 User
needs
 Important business processes
 Current resources
 Potential growth
Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s)
Chapter 3
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Routing needs
Size of the network in terms of connections
Presence of Windows 2000 servers
Presence of mainframes and other computers
that use SNA
Presence of NetWare servers
Access to the Internet or intranets
Presence of mission-critical and multimedia
applications
Chapter Summary
Chapter 3
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Protocols are the life blood of a network,
thus plan their use carefully.
The Microsoft NDIS driver enables
using one or more protocols such as
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and
AppleTalk.
For modern networking TCP/IP
implementations are preferred.
Chapter Summary
Chapter 3
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Plan to use only the protocols
necessary.
Tune network binding order in Windows
NT and Windows 2000 operating
systems to enhance network
performance.