Transcript ip addressing

(ITI310)
SAT 28 Sep - 2015
SESSIONS 5: “IP ADDRESSING”
By Eng. BASSEM ALSAID
SESSION 5: “IP Addressing”
Session Abstract
The Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) drive the Internet
and make it accessible worldwide. TCP/IP, however, is a collection of protocols
and more. Many elements in TCP/IP unite protocols to related services to
provide more complete capabilities. Examples of TCP/IP include Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and Domain Name Services (DNS), which are
domain name to address resolution services. In this session, you will come to
know more about TCP/IP names, addresses and related standard services, as
well as some other related services hosted by Windows Server 2008.
“IP Addressing”
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this part, the student will be able to:
• Identify the meaning of NetBIOS name or computer name.
• Identify TCP/IP Names and Addresses and how to allot them.
• Determine various forms of addresses for networks.
• Identify Subnetting.
• Explain how to obtain an Internet IP address.
• Determine what firewalls and proxy servers mean.
• Determine how to configure TCP/IP on Windows Server.
• Identify WINS - Windows Internet Name Service.
• Identify DNS - Domain Name Service.
• Identify DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• Identify Simple Troubleshooting tools.
\\exchange\Accounting
\\192.168.0.200\Accounting
http://www.google.com/
http://74.125.224.72/
NetBIOS Name
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is a program
that allows applications on different computers to
communicate within a local area network (LAN).
• NetBIOS defines a software interface and a naming
convention, not a protocol.
• On Windows Server network, you can use NetBIOS names to
identify computers.
• A NetBIOS name is commonly known as a computer name.
• Each computer running Windows has a unique NetBIOS name
on the network.
• NetBIOS names must be between 1 and 15 characters long.
• NetBIOS names must not contain any of the following
characters: “ ‘ ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + = [ ] { } \ | ; : , . < > / ?
Practice I:
• Check Computer Name.
• Check HOSTS file.
Hosts file location: %system-directory%/system32/drivers/etc
• Check NetBIOS list of names .
TCP/IP Protocol, Names and Addresses resolving
On a network using the TCP/IP protocol, it is necessary to convert
names of resources to IP addresses to connect to these
resources. Microsoft Windows clients will follow a sequence of
methods in attempting to resolve a name to an address, stopping
the search when it successfully matches a name to an IP address.
There are two main sequences used in almost all cases: NetBIOS
resolution and Host name resolution. Clients connecting to
resources on Microsoft servers, typically through Windows File
Manager or Network Neighborhood, most often use NetBIOS
name resolution.
Names and Addresses resolving
Host name resolution generally uses the following sequence:
1. The client checks to see if the name queried is its own.
2. The client then searches a local Hosts file (LMHOSTS), a list of
IP address and names stored on the local computer.
3. Domain Name System (DNS) servers are queried.
4. If the name is still not resolved, NetBIOS name resolution
sequence is used as a backup.
This order can be changed by configuring the NetBIOS node type
of the client.
Practice II:
• Activating/Deactivating NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
Start  Network  Network and sharing Center  Manage Network
Connections
Right click on “Local Area Connections” and select properties  select
“Internet Protocol v4”  properties  advanced  WINS tab
Domain Names and IP Addresses
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is different than a domain
name. The IP address is an actual set of numerical instructions. It
communicates exact information about the address in a way that
is useful to the computer but makes no sense to humans. The
domain name functions as a link to the IP address. Links do not
contain actual information, but they do point to the place where
the IP address information resides. It is convenient to think of IP
addresses as the actual code and the domain name as a
nickname for that code. A typical IP address looks like a string of
numbers. It could be 232.17.43.22, for example. However,
humans cannot understand or use that code. To summarize, the
domain name is a part of the URL, which points to the IP address.
Domain Names and IP Addresses
What's in a Domain Name?
Domain names function on the Internet in a manner similar to a
physical address in the physical world. Each part of the domain
name provides specific information. These pieces of information
enable web browsers to locate the web page. The naming system
is closely regulated in order to prevent confusion or duplicate
addresses. As demand increased exponentially, a new Internet
Protocol version, or IPv6, was created to expand the amount of
domain names available.
Domain Names and IP Addresses
How do Domains Work?
The common fictitious domain name, www.example.com, is
comprised of three essential parts:
• .com - This is the top-level domain.
• .example. - This is a sub-domain.
• www. - This is a sub-domain prefix for the World Wide Web.
The original use of this prefix was partly accidental, and
pronunciation difficulties raised interest in creating viable
alternatives.
Domain Names and IP Addresses
What is FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)?
A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is the complete domain
name for a specific computer, or host, on the Internet. The FQDN
consists of two parts: the hostname and the domain name.
For example, a FQDN for a mail server might be
mymail.somecollege.edu. The hostname is mymail, and the host
is located within the domain somecollege.edu.
Typical domain name consists of: domain name and suffix (top
level domain name), example: somecollege.edu.
FQDN consists of: host name, domain name and suffix (top level
domain name), example: mymail.somecollege.edu.
Domain Names and IP Addresses
IP address v4:
The original internet addressing system is called (IPv4) “Internet
Protocol Version 4”, and it has numbered the computers of the
Internet successfully for years. By employing 32-bits of
recombined digits, IPv4 has a maximum of 4.3 billion possible
addresses.
Examples of IPv4 addresses: 68.149.3.230, 16.202.228.105
Domain Names and IP Addresses
IP address v6:
A new internet addressing system is being phased in, and it fills
our need for more computer addresses. Internet Protocol version
6 (IPv6) is rolling out across the globe, and its enlarged
addressing system will fix the limitation of IPv4.
IPv6 uses 128 bits instead of 32 bits for its addresses, creating 3.4
x 10^38 possible addresses. These trillions of new IPv6 addresses
will meet the internet demand for the foreseeable future.
Example IPv6 address: 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf
Example IPv6 address: 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
The mapping of host names to IP addresses is handled through a
service called Domain Name Service (DNS).
NETWORK ID and HOST ID
Class A addresses
Class B addresses
Class C addresses
Note that:
Class A network ID always starts with 0, and
Class B network ID always starts with 10, and
Class C network IDs always start with 110.
NETWORK ID and HOST ID
Class
Value for w
Address Prefix
Portion
Host ID
Portion
Address
Prefixes
Host IDs per
Address Prefix
A
1-126
w
x.y.z
126
16,277,214
B
128-191
w.x
y.z
16,384
65,534
C
192-223
w.x.y
z
2,097,152
254
Internet Address Class Summary
Public IP and Private IP
Public Addresses:
Public addresses are assigned by InterNIC (International Network
Information Center) and guaranteed to be globally unique to the
Internet.
Private Addresses:
A private IP address is an address assigned to a device on a
private TCP/IP Local Area Network that is accessible only within
the Local Area Network.
For a resource inside the Local Area Network to be accessible
over the Internet, a device within the Local Area Network must
be connected to the Internet with a public IP address, and the
networking must be appropriately configured.
Public IP and Private IP
The same Internet standards organizations have reserved the
following three IP address ranges that will never be registered
publicly:
First IP in block
Last IP in block
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
Subnet Mask and Subnetting
A subnet is a logical division of a single TCP/IP address. It has the
following benefits:
– It reduces the amount of overall traffic on any network
segment by collecting systems that communicate often,
into groups.
– It makes it easier for networks to grow and expand.
– It adds an extra layer of security controls.
Subnets work by taking bits from the host part of an IP address
and using those bits to divide a single IP network address into
two or more subnets.
The base subnet masks for Class A, B, and C networks are
255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0 respectively.
Subnet Mask and Subnetting
Router
A router is an electronic device and/or software that connects at
least two networks and forwards packets among them according
to the information in the packet headers and routing tables.
Routers are needed to communicate across IP subnets.
Each router’s IP address on each subnet must be known to every
client on that subnet.
Default gateway: is where all out-of-subnet transmissions are
directed by default.
If no default gateway is defined, clients cannot communicate
outside their subnet.
Practice III:
• Configuring TCP/IP on Windows Server 2008:
The basic items needed to configure TCP/IP are:
⁻ IP address
⁻ Subnet mask
⁻ Default gateway
Firewall
• Windows Firewall filters incoming traffic to block unwanted network
traffic.
• Inbound rule can be applied on program, port, a Windows Server
component, or on both program and port.
• Windows Firewall can also filter outgoing traffic to limit the risk of
malware.
• Outbound rules are enabled for DHCP requests, DNS requests, Group
policy communications, Internet Group Management Protocol, or IPv6 and
related protocols.
Practice IV:
• Turn windows Firewall on/off
• Windows firewall settings
Proxy Server
• An enhanced firewall.
• It manages communications between in-house network and
external networks like the internet.
• Hide the identity of internal clients.
• Retain local copies of frequently accessed resources.
• Improve response time for users.
WINS: Windows Internet Name Service
• WINS servers resolve NetBIOS names into IP addresses.
• WINS servers: WINS server you can maintain a database that
maps computer names to their respective IP addresses and
vice versa.
• WINS clients: When workstations (on a network with WINS
servers) boot, they provide the WINS server with their
computer names, share names, and IP addresses. The WINS
server handles everything else. If a workstation needs an IP
address that corresponds to a NetBIOS name, it asks the WINS
server to supply that information.
DNS: Domain Name Service
Resolve domain names and FQDNs to IP addresses.
A FQDN is the type of name used to identify resources on the
internet to make them easier to access.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol
• Used to dynamically assign IP addresses and other
configuration settings to systems as they boot.
• DHCP manages IP address distribution using leases.
Network Troubleshooting
Windows Server includes a few TCP/IP tools that you can employ to help track
down problems.
Already mentioned is ipconfig; here are the others:
• PING: This tool tests the communications path between your system and
another remote system.
• TRACERT: This tool reveals the hops (systems encountered) between your
system and a remote system.
• ROUTE: This tool is used to view and modify the routing table of a multihomed system.
• NETSTAT: This tool displays information about the status of the current
TCP/IP connections.
• NSLOOKUP: This tool displays DNS information that helps you to manage
and troubleshoot your DNS server.
• TELNET: This tool is used to establish a text-based terminal emulation with
a remote system. Telnet gives you access to a remote system as if you were
sitting at its keyboard.
NEXT SESSION
C2: SATURDAY
C3: SATURDAY
05-Dec-2015
05-Dec-2015
12:00
13:30
Title: “ACTIVE DIRECTORY”
THANKS