Transcript Second Semester Review

Second Semester Review
Biotic factors
• Factors that are living or come from living organisms.
• Examples:
• Tree
• Wooden toothpick
• Paper
Abiotic factors
• Factors that are non-living, do not come from living organisms.
• Examples:
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Soil (rocks too)
Air (climate, weather)
Water (solid, liquid or gaseous water)
Sunlight (light, temperature)
Levels of organization
• Smallest to largest- organism,
population, community, ecosystem,
biome, biosphere.
• Organism-Single member of species
• Population- Members of a species in a
region
• Community- Different species interacting
with one another in a specific area.
• Ecosystem- Biotic and abiotic factors in a
given area.
• Biome-interacting ecosystems in a region.
• Biosphere- the part of Earth that supports
life.
Classification
• Heterotrophic/ Autotrophic (TEKS 6.12D)*
• Heterotrophic/ Autotrophic
• Heterotrophic- gets nutrition from an outside source
• Examples are anything that eats: consumers, animals, bacteria, fungi
• Autotrophic- self feeder; makes own food through photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis
• Examples are producers; plants and some acheaebacteria
Classification
• Unicellular/Multi-cellular (TEKS 6.12D)*
• Organisms are composed of one or more cells: Unicellular/ Multicellular
• Unicellular- one celled organisms; the individual organism is made up of only
one cell like bacteria.
• Multi-cellular- many celled organisms; the organism is made up of many cells
working together like humans.
• Cellstissuesorganssystemsorganism
Classification
• Mode of Reproduction (TEKS 6.12D)*
• Sexual reproduction
• Sex cells are created through meiosis
• makes 4 daughter cells with half the genetic information
• Needs the genetic information of two parents to create a unique organism allowing for more
genetic variation.
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• Asexual reproduction
• Requires the genetic material of only one parent
• Offspring is genetically identical to the parent
• Types of asexual reproduction:
• Budding – organism grows out of the adult
• Binary fission- like mitosis, occurs in bacteria
• Parthenogenesis- whip tail lizards in New Mexico are all females and lay eggs that hatch to be
clones of the mother.
• Regeneration- The regrowth of a missing limb, like lizard tails and starfish.
Life – the basic unit of all life is the cell. All organisms
are made up of one or more cells.
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
1. Do not have a nucleus, have a 1. Have a nucleus
primitive loose genetic material.2. Have membrane bound cell parts.
3. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia are
2. Do not have membranes
kingdoms composed of eukaryotic
around cell parts.
organisms.
3. Always Unicellular (single
4. Can be unicellular or multicellular
celled) organisms like
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. 5. Can reproduce sexually or asexually
4. Reproduce asexually
The three DOMAINS
Archaea
Bacteria
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Single celled
Prokaryotic(no nucleus)
Very primitive
Asexual reproduction
through binary fission.
• Live in extreme
environments like: hot
springs, around deep sea
volcanic vents, mineral
rich water. Cannot live in
oxygen.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eukarya
Single celled
• Kingdoms:
• Plant
Prokaryotic(no nucleus)
• Animal
Asexual reproduction
• Protista
through binary fission.
• Fungi
• Live in the soil, water, air
Have nucleus in cell
and inside living
organisms.
Can be multicellular or
unicellular.
Are Eukaryotic (cells
have nucleus)
Kingdom Plantae
• Are eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus)
• Majority are multicellular, reproduce sexually (pollination)or asexually
(budding).
• Autotrophic (makes own food)
• Have chloroplast
Kingdom Animalia
• Are eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus)
• Heterotrophic (get nutrition from outside sources)
• Multicellular
• Majority reproduce sexually (50% of the DNA comes form one parent
and 50% from the other parent.
Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotic (nucleus)
• Heterotrophic
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Can reproduce sexually or
asexually
• Get their nutrients from decaying
matter
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic
• Majority are Unicellular, very few
are multicellular
• Have characteristics of plants and
animals
• Autotrophs and/or heterotrophs
• Asexual reproduction through
• Budding, regeneration
• some reproduce sexually
Atoms- basic building block of all matter,
the smallest whole unit of matter.
Atomic number is the number of
protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Charge
In a normal atom, the atomic number
= the number of protons = the
number of electrons.
Protons and neutrons are found in
the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are found orbiting the
nucleus in energy shells.
A chart that organizes the elements according to size
(mass)and physical and chemical properties.
Periodic table
Properties of Metals
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Shiny
• Good conductors of
heat and electricity
Properties of Metalloids
• Have characteristics of
both metals and non
metals
Metalloids
• semiconductors
Properties of nonMetals
• Brittle solids
• Dull
• Mostly gases
• Poor conductors of
heat and electricity
• Good insulators
Elements comprise Earth (TEKS 6.5B)
How many elements are in the following
compounds?
• Hint- count the capital letters. Each symbol should have only one capital
letter. The symbol is the element’s abbreviation and it’s used in chemical
formulas. Elements have only one to three letters in their symbols but only
one is a capital letter.
• H2PO4
• CO2
• H2O
• C6H11O2
• NH3
How many elements in the following chemical reaction?
CO2 + H2O   C6H11O2 + O2
Matter
• Elements
• Compounds
• A substance consisting of atoms
• Substances made of two or more
which all have the same number of different kinds of atoms
protons - i.e. the same atomic
chemically bound together.
number. Elements are chemically
the simplest form.
• Examples: water, salt, sugar,
carbon dioxide, baking soda
• Examples: gold, copper, carbon,
aluminum, oxygen, hydrogen, etc.
• The formula has letters and
• The symbol is one letter as in H, O, C, or numbers: H2O, NaCl, CO2
two letters as in He, Ca, Ne, Cl
Physical properties of matter
1. Can be identified just by
observing matter. You do not
have to change it in any way.
2. Can be things you identify with
your senses, such as, sight,
touch, taste, smell, or hearing.
3. Include things such as color,
texture, shape, mass, odor,
state of matter, freezing point,
boiling point, density, etc.
Review Physical Properties (TEKS 5.5A)
• Properties that can be measured or
seen through direct observation,
include;
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Size
Color
Luster
Density
Mass
Volume
Length
Texture
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State (S,L,G)
Malleability
Magnetism
Specific gravity
Conductivity
Temperature
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Examples of physical properties
• The way the squishy stuff
stretches out
• The way a rubber ball bounces
• The way ice cream melts
• The sweet taste of candy
• The heaviness of a rock
• The rough texture of sandpaper
• The height of a building
• The hardness of a mineral, its
streak,
• Magnetism
Density
• The amount of matter in a given volume
• D=mass/volume
High density
Medium density
Low density
Liquid
Mass
(g)
Volume Density
(mL)
(g/mL)
A
20.0
10.0
B
5.0
25.0
C
30.0
30.0
After calculating the
density of the three
liquids, can you predict the
order the liquids will be in
if you used them to create
a density tower?
Which liquid would be on
the top? Explain.
Which would be on the
bottom? Explain.
Physical states of matter
Solids
• Have a definite shape
• Have definite volume
• The atoms are really close
together.
Liquids
• Have indefinite shape
• Have definite volume
• The atoms are loosely held
together.
Gases
• Have indefinite shape
• Have indefinite volume
• The atoms are far apart from
each other.
Physical change
• Phase Change – aka change in state of matter – a PHYSICAL CHANGE
• Melting point – solid state to liquid state (heat is added)
• Boiling point – liquid state to gas state (heat is added)
• Freezing point – liquid state to solid state (heat is removed)
• Condensation point – gas state to liquid state (heat is removed
Chemical properties of matter
1. You have to change matter in some way to identify a
chemical property.
2. You cannot tell about chemical properties by just using
your senses.
3. Includes things such as flammability, acidity, alkalinity,
being poisonous, etc.
How do you know when a chemical change
has occurred?
• What evidence can you look for?
• The new substance starts
fizzing or bubbles.
• The new substance heats up
without external help.
• The new substance gets cold
without you adding ice to it.
Chemical change = Chemical
reaction
Examples of chemical properties
• The flammability of paper, gasoline, alcohol.
• The way iron rusts when left outside.
• The way copper tarnishes to green over time
(statue of liberty).
• The way apples, bananas, and avocadoes turn
brown when sitting out in the air.
Used to identify
matter without
changing the
substance.
Density, melting
point, boiling point,
freezing point, state
of matter (S,L,G,P).
Things that you can
see, hear, smell,
touch, taste, size,
shape, color, odor,
weight, mass,
texture, sweetness.
Chemical
Properties
Physical
Properties
Used to
identify
matter
How matter
interacts with
other matter.
Can be identified
only after a change
has occurred in the
substance. Such as:
Acidity, alkalinity,
ability to rust,
ability to tarnish,
ability to burn.
Energy
• The ability to cause change
• Example: “I get lots of energy from a chocolate chip cookie.”
States of energy
• Potential Energy – energy that is
stored in an object because of its
position or chemical composition.
• Examples:
• P- a rock sitting on a ledge
• P- a rollercoaster car at the top of
the track
• C- a battery waiting to be used
• C- a can of gasoline
• Kinetic Energy- energy that is being
used in the motion of something.
• Examples:
• A rock rolling down a hillside
• A rollercoaster car going around the
track.
• A person running around a track.
Forms of energy
1. Chemical energy- calories in food, acid in a battery, can of gasoline.
2. Solar/radiant energy(light)- sunlight, light from a bulb, glow of hot
metal.
3. Heat/thermal energy- from friction, from steam, from hot stove.
4. Sound energy-vibrations from a speaker, thunder.
5. Electrical energy- lightening, current in the wires.
6. Mechanical energy- motion of machine parts, motor, or engine.
7. Nuclear energy- nuclear fission reactions like at a nuclear power
plant, nuclear fusion reactions like inside a star.
How an Electrical Power Plant Works
1. We use the chemical energy in
a fossil fuel (coal or oil) to make
heat.
2. The heat is used to make steam.
3. The steam is turned into
mechanical energy in the turbo
generator.
4. The mechanical energy is
changed into electrical energy
in the turbo generator.
Sources of Electric Power
1.
Fossil fuels – oil or coal is burned to heat water that turns into steam, that spins the turbine,
and runs the generator. can be built anywhere. cause air pollution and there is a limited
amount of them
2.
Hydroelectric power- water rushes from behind the dam and spins the turbine to run the
generator. No air or water pollution. not all places have deep enough rivers.
3.
Nuclear power- heat from nuclear radiation from the reaction boils water and the steam runs
the generator. can be built anywhere, no smoke or gases into the air. radiation, and it
requires a lot of water that becomes unusable.
4.
Geothermal- steam from a hot spring runs the generator. no air or water pollution. not all
places have hot springs.
5.
Wind power- the wind turns the blades of the wind turbines and runs the generator. No air
or water pollution. Not all places have enough wind.
6.
Solar Power- light striking the silicon cells of the panel causes a flow of electrons. No generator
is needed. No pollution or shortage of sunlight. Night and cloudy days.
Force- a push or a pull with a certain strength and
direction, anything that can change the motion of an
object.
Examples:
• Friction
• Gravity
• Wind
• Magnetism
• Water
• Muscle power
Balanced forces are equal in
strength, so they don’t cause
motion or a change in motion if
the object is moving.
Unbalanced forces are NOT equal
in strength and that causes motion.
It moves the object in the same
direction as the stronger force.
Balanced and unbalanced Forces
• Balanced forces
• Unbalanced forces
motion
no motion
motion
The object moves
in the direction of
the strongest
force.
Displacement
• The distance and direction
between your starting point and
your ending point.
The distance you walk on a winding
path can be much greater than the
displacement.
10 miles NE
Speed – displacement over time
• Distance(D) divided(/) by time(t). S=D/t. Often measured in a unit of
distance per unit of time. Example miles per hour (mph).
• What is the speed of a car traveling 1000 meters in 50 seconds?
• How long would it take a meal worm to travel 5 meters across the
ground if it’s traveling at 0.25 m/s?
Velocity- speed and direction
Velocity has magnitude
and direction
Acceleration
• Any change in speed or direction. This includes slowing down as well
as speeding up, and changing direction.
• Examples: a Car coming to a stop. A car taking off from a stop. A car
turning a corner. Racing. Roller-coaster ride.
Newton’s
st
1
law
• An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion, unless an unbalance force acts upon it.
• This is linked to inertia (an objects resistance to a change
in its motion.
• Examples:
• A truck sitting in a parking space until you start the engine and
make it move.
• A train moving 100mph down a track until the brakes make it
stop.
• Which object has more inertia? 10 g
50g
Newton’s
nd
2
Law
• An object moves in the same direction as a force that is
pushing or pulling on it.
• The object changes direction to go with the force applied
to it or changes its speed to go with the force applied to it.
• It accelerates in the same direction as the force applied on
it.
• Examples:
• Earth’s gravity pulling a meteor into the atmosphere. (it speeds
up as gravity pulls on it)
• A paper airplane goes in the direction you push it.
• A magnet pulling a paper clip toward itself using its magnetic
force.
Newton’s
rd
3
Law
• For every
• Examples:
action there is
• A person
jumping on a
an equal and
trampoline
opposite
• Bouncing a
reaction.
ball
• Two forces are
• A rocket
involved and
launching into
the are
the air
opposite to
each other
Simple machines
• Inclined Planes/Pulleys (TEKS 6.8E)
• Investigate how inclined planes and pulleys can be used to change
the amount of force to move an object
• Inclined plane-
Pulley systems