Transcript ITU - Spears School of Business

Global Telecommunications
Regulation
TCOM 5173
International Organizations and
Regulatory Bodies
31 March 2004
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The Dictator’s Dilemma
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Cooperation and Comity
• Why nations decide to cooperate
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Net gain in market access and earnings
Lack confidence that they can dominate
Enlightened self-interest
Standards promote economies of scale
Desire to be a good “global citizen”
Many resources (e.g. frequencies) must be
shared
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Benefits of Standards
• Businesses
– Streamlines product development
– Compete in worldwide markets
• Customers
– Benefit from competition among suppliers
• Governments
– Technological basis for health, safety, and
environmental legislation
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More Benefits of Standards
• Trade
– Reduce non-tariff barriers to trade
• Developing countries
– Facilitate prudent investment in
resources/technology
• Everyone
– Contribute to quality of life
– Standards on air, water, gases, radiation, etc.,
contribute to preserving the environment
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The International
Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• Founded in 1865 as the International
Telegraph Union
• Took present name in 1932
• Specialized Agency of the UN since 1947
under the Economic and Social Council
• Governed by the ITU “Constitution” and
“Convention” adopted in 1989
• CCITT, CCIR and IFRB combined with
ITU in 1992
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ITU Membership
• 189 Member countries
• 652 “Sector” Members
– Recognized private operating agencies (A service
provider under Article 6 of the ITU Constitution
(e.g., AT&T))
– Scientific or Industrial organizations (Engaged in
the study of telecom problems, or design or
manufacture of equipment for telecom services)
• 79 “Associate Sector” Members
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Work of the ITU
• Establish operating standards & regulations
• Dissemination of information
• Promote the development of worldwide
telecommunications
• Offer technical assistance
• Facilitate international cooperation
• Promote the use of telecommunications to
support peaceful relations
• Harmonize the actions of members in the
attainment of these common goals
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Specific Tasks for the ITU (1)
• Allocate terrestrial radio frequency spectrum
• Allot and register satellite frequencies and
orbital position
• Coordinate efforts to eliminate harmful radio
station interference
• Facilitate worldwide standardization to achieve
satisfactory quality of service
• Investigate improving the use of RF spectrum
• Promote measures to ensure safety of life
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Specific Tasks for the ITU (2)
• Foster collaboration to establish rates as low
as possible
• Promote cooperation for training in underdeveloped countries
• Cooperate with financial organizations to
promote credit for bringing telecommunications to isolated areas
• Undertake studies, make regulations, adopt
resolutions, and issue opinions
• Collect and publish telecoms information
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ITU Organization
Plenipotentiary
Conference
Council
Council
World/Regional
Radiocommunication
Conferences
World Conferences
World
Telecommunications
Standardization
Assemblies
World
Telecommunication
Development
Conferences
Advisory Groups and Study Groups
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ITU Organization (Continued)
Secretary General
Deputy
Secretary General
Director
Radiocommunication
Bureau
Radiocommunications
Director
Telecommunication
Standardization
Bureau
Sectors
Telecommunications
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Director
Telecommunication
Development
Bureau
Development
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ITU Meetings Structure
• ITU Plenipotentiary Conference
• World Conference on International Telecom
• Administrative conferences
– World
• Radio
• Telephone
– Regional
• Radio
• Telephone
• ITU-R Plenary
– Special Autonomous
Groups
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ITU Meetings Structure (Cont’d)
• ITU-T Plenary
– Regional Tariff Groups
• World Plan Committees
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Study Groups
Joint Study Groups
National Study Groups
Working Parties
Interim Working Parties
Sub-working Parties
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ITU Functions (1)
• Plenipotentiary Conferences
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Full formal meeting (about every four years)
Adopt fundamental policies
Reviews work since last session
Revises the Constitution and Convention if necessary
Develops a five year working plan
Establishes the budget for on-going operations
Elects the Administrative Council (46 members, who
serve until the next plenipotentiary conference)
– Elects the IFRB (five independent radio experts)
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ITU Functions (2)
• Administrative Council
– Meets annually in Geneva
– Considers broad policy issues between
plenipotentiary conferences
– Implements the Constitution and Convention
– Financial Control of the Secretariat
– Coordinates activities of the permanent organs
at the headquarters
– Panels of experts on particular matters of
importance
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ITU Functions (3)
• General Secretariat
– Directed by the Secretary General
• Operations
• External relations
• Legal representative of the ITU
– Finance and administrative services
• Coordination Committee
– Secretary General
– Deputy Secretary General
– Directors of the ITU-T, ITU-R, and IRFB
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The Radiocommunications Sector
• Objective
– To ensure rational, equitable, efficient and
economic use of the RF spectrum by all users
• Functions
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Monitor spectrum utilization
Maintain the IFRB Master Frequency Register
Provide frequency management advice to members
Analyze possible frequency interference
Record all geostationary satellite positions (slots)
Issues Radio Regulations
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The Radiocommunications Sector
• Services covered
– Broadcast (radio and television)
– Fixed satellite services (GSO orbits)
– Mobile satellite services (NGS orbits)
• LEO, MEO, HEO
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Mobile services (cell phones, taxis, air/ground)
Terrestrial radio (microwave, etc.)
Standard frequency and time signals
Antenna patterns for earth stations and satellites
Standards for digital coding
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ITU-R Structure
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Advisory Board
Radiocommunications bureau
Nine Study Groups
Intersector coordination groups (ICG)
– Future public land mobile telecommunications
systems (FPLMTS)
– ISDN and satellite matters
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ITU-R Study Groups
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SG1 Spectrum management
SG2 Interservice sharing and compatibility
SG 3 Radio wave propagation
SG 4 Fixed satellite service
SG 7 Science services
SG 8 Mobile, radio determination, amateur
SG 9 Fixed service
SG 10 Broadcast services (sound)
SG 11 Broadcast services (television)
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The Standardization Sector
• Objective
– To study technical, operating and tariff questions
and to issue recommendations on them with a view
of standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis
• Functions
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Develop standards
Issue recommendations
Give special attention to developing countries
Respond to requests for advice on national systems
Allocate study group resources
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The Standardization Sector
• Services covered
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Network operation
Network management
Switching and signaling
ISDN
Transmission performance
Tariffs and accounting principles
Maintenance
Outside plant
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ITU-T Structure
• Secretary General and Deputy Secretary
General
• Telecommunications Standardization Bureau
(Secretariat)
– Organize meetings
– General support services
– Publish and distribute documents
• Telecommunications Standardization
Advisory Group
• Council
• Fifteen Study Groups
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ITU-T Study Groups
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SG 1 Service Definition
SG 2 Network Operation
SG 3 Tariff and Accounting Principles
SG 4 Network Maintenance
SG 5 Protection against electromagnetic
environmental effects
• SG 6 Outside Plant
• SG 7 Data networks and open systems
communications
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More ITU-T Study Groups
• SG 8 Terminals for Telematic Services
• SG 9 Television and sound transmission
• SG 10 Languages for telecommunications
applications
• SG 11 Switching and Signaling
• SG 12 End-to-end Transmission Performance
• SG 13 General Network Aspects
• SG 14 Modems and transmission techniques
• SG 15 Transmission systems and equipment
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ITU-T Joint Coordination Groups
• UPT - Universal Personal Telecommunications
• TMN - Telecommunications Management
Network
• AVMMS - Audiovisual and multimedia
services
• NP - Quality of Service and Network
Performance
• ATM/B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN
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ITU-T Standardization Work
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Study groups may have 100-500 members
Deal with 20-50 standards simultaneously
Work divided among “working parties” (WP)
WP further divided into Experts Groups (Deal
with a single topic or “question”)
• Result is a “recommendation” to (indicate
their legal nonbinding nature)
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ITU-T Recommendations
• Complete about 550 per year
• Arranged in 25 categories
• 2 500 recommendations – 62 000+ pages
– 370 annexes/changes, etc – 6 000 pages
• 330 Recommendations parallel with ISO/IEC
standards
• ITU sells about 7 000 copies per year
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The Development Sector
• Objective
– To encourage international cooperation with a view
toward harmonizing and enhancing the
development of telecommunication services and
facilities.
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World development conferences
Promote world-wide expansion
Facilitate technology transfer to developing nations
Coordinate with global financing agencies
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The Development Sector
• Activities
– Offer advice on technical, economic, financial,
managerial, regulatory and policy issues
– Organize advisory groups
– Assist under developed countries with project
proposals for funding for telecom projects
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The Valletta Action Plan (1998)
• Reform, legislation and regulation
• Technologies and GII development
– Global mobile personal communication by satellite and
internet
• Rural development and universal access
• Finance and economics – WTO issues, tariffs and
accounting rates
• Development partnerships with the private sector
• HR resources development, emphasis on CBT
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The ITU Looking Forward
• Kyoto Plenipotentiary 1994
– World Telecommunications Policy Forum (ad hoc)
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1996 – Geneva - Global PCS by satellite
1998 – Geneva – trade in telecommunications services
2001 – IP Telephony
No funding for WTPF after 2003
• Minneapolis Plenipotentiary – 1998
– World Summit on the Information Society
– Ad hoc gathering to harmonize policies
• Plenipotentiary establishes the schedule
• Council determines the topic(s)
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ITU Conclusions
• Suffers from the “international civil
service” syndrome
• Not keeping pace with world developments
• How will an inter-governmental
organization cope with a deregulated and
increasingly commercialized marketplace?
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Other International Organizations
• International Organization for Standards (ISO)
– Organized in 1947
– 148 current members - one standards body per
member country.
– Correspondent members
– 14,000 different standards to date
– Several hundred new standards published annually
– “Decisions” on standards are:
• Industrywide
• Reached by consensus
• Voluntary
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ISO Organization
• General Assembly
– Meets triennially, three delegates per member,
but observers may attend
– Elects the 18 member Council
• The Council
– President, Vice President, Treasurer
– 18 elected members
• Executive Board
– Vice President and nine other appointees
– Reports to The Council
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ISO Organization (More)
• Technical Advisory Groups
– Currently 11 groups
– TAG 11 covers Information Technology
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Technical Committees
Working Groups
Central Secretariat
Council Committees
Committee on Standardization Principles
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International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
• Organized in 1904
• Covers power, electronics,
telecommunications and nuclear energy
• Major activities
– Develop common means of expression and
nomenclature, units, symbols and abbreviations
– Standardization of electrical equipment proper,
methods of test, quality and safety.
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ISO/IEC JTC1
• International Organization for Standards
– Comprised of national standards bodies (ANSI)
– 170 technical committees established by the
ISO Council
– Excludes electrical and electronics (mainly IT)
• International Electrotechnical Committee
– Comprised of national committees (one from
each member country)
– 80 technical committees
• ISO/IEC/JTC1 has 18 subcommittees
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European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI)
• Founded on the EC 1987 “Green Paper”
• Often develops standards which become the
basis of EU legislation (e.g. for public
procurements)
• May develop nonbinding voluntary standards
• May endorse an ITU standard
• Closely coordinates with the ITU if on
parallel tracks
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ETSI (Continued)
• The General Assembly
– Establishes policy
– Appoints the Director and Deputy
– Adopts the budget
• The Technical Assembly
– Approves technical standards
– Advises on work to be undertaken
– Sets priorities
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ETSI Organization
General Assembly
Technical Assembly
Strategic
Review
Committee
ETS/EBU
Joint Tech
Committee
Intellectual
Property
Rights Com
ISDN Mgt
and Coord
Committee
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Program
Advisory
Committee
11 Technical
Committees
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American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) T1 Committee
• Established in 1984 (coincident with Bell
System breakup)
• “Bell System Practices” (Standards) would
no longer apply
• Four types of members (Parties with direct
and material interest)
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Users and general interest groups
Manufacturers
Interexchange carriers
Local exchange carriers
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ANSI T1 Subcommittee Structure
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T1A1 - Performance and signal processing
T1E1 - Network interface
T1M1 - Interwork OAM&P
T1P1 - Systems engineering, standards
planning and program management
• T1S1 - Services, architecture, and signaling
• T1X1 - Digital hierarchy and
synchronization
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ANSI T1 Committee Work
• Currently have about 150 projects going
• Advisory committee made up of two
representatives from each interest group
• Drafts candidate US technical contributions
to the ITU
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ANSI T1 Committee Work Flow
ANSI
Committee
T1
USA-ITU
National
Committees
American
National
Standards
US Positions
to the ITU
Technical
Reports
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Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA)
• Member driven trade organization (over
1,000 member companies worldwide)
• Services
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Government relations
Market support
Educational programs
Standards setting activities
• Policy formulated by 31 board members
(selected from
member companies)
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TIA Committees
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Membership scope and development
International
Marketing and trade shows
Public policy
Small Company
Technical
Numerous subcommittees
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TIA Divisions
• Address the legislative and regulatory
concerns of product manufacturers and
prepare standards dealing with compatibility
• Divisions
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User premises equipment
Network equipment
Wireless equipment
Fiber optics
Satellite communications
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Other International Organizations
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST)
• National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
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More International Organizations
• Exchange Carriers Standards Association
• The Computer and Business Equipment
Manufacturers’ Association (CEBMA)
• Commission of the European Communities
• Conference of European Posts and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
• European Computer Manufacturer’s
Association (ECMA)
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More International Organizations
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British Standards Institute (BSI)
Deutsches Institut Fuer Normung (DIN)
Pacific Telecommunications Council (PTC)
Japanese Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications (MPT)
• Japanese Standards Association (JSA)
• Australian Standards Committee (AUSTELSAC)
• Corporation for Open Systems (COS)
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Organizational Landscape
Source: R. Werle, ISSN 0944-2073 May 2000
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