Transcript English

FINAL WORK
• Members.
– Iván Palma.
– Fabian Quimiz
– Alex Perez
– Angel Chicaiza
TECHNICAL ENGLISH
NINTH LEVEL
How to connect to the internet
• Quite a few members of the Institute are now using email for
communication, and others are happily using the Internet for
information. The IFST web site is packed with information ,
including full texts of all Position Statements, and details of
forthcoming events. Some of the members have even developed
their own web sites. Many other members may be thinking about
taking the plunge. As time goes on more and more communication
will be done electronically, both generally, and within the Institute.
The SIG would like to encourage this, and has run two introductory
courses already. This article is the first of what could be a regular
contribution to Keynote to help any members who wish to set
themselves up to use email and the Internet.
• The basic requirements are a computer, a modem, a phone line,
and a contract with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
• Computer - Generally any computer purchased in the last three
years, particularly a Pentium, should have no problems in
supporting the software you need to install. Older machines such as
a 486 with only 8Mb RAM do work, but you may want to upgrade
the amount of RAM and your hard disk capacity. Before doing this I
would recommend you look at starting afresh with one of the
fantastic bargains in the computer stores at the moment. These are
designed for the job, and will also come with Windows 95, so you
will be able to install whatever software you need. I think increased
RAM and hard disk capacity are more important than processor
speed in this instance. Apple Mac can do the job just as well, but
may be more expensive, and software is generally more available
for
PCs
running
Windows
95
(or
98).
•
Modem - This converts your digital computer information into analogue telephone
signals. Choose the fastest modem that your ISP can handle. The faster you
transfer data the shorter time you are using your phone! To begin with I would
forget ISDN, and use a traditional modem. Those designed for the new 56kbs
standard are likely to be the fastest you can get for a standard phone line in the
near future. Most ISPs are upgrading to this new standard, so start there if you
can. Check what your chosen ISP can support (see below). If this is not available,
settle for a 33kbs, or even 28kbs (cheaper but slower). Ensure that anything you
get will be upgradable, to ensure it can keep pace increasing system speeds. I like
an external modem where I can watch it blinking as it transfers data to and from
the Internet. Many manufactures now build them into the computer. If you buy a
computer get them to add a modem for you so that you don't have to worry about
compatibility.
•
Phone Line - This may be your biggest expense after the equipment. If you end up
using it a lot you may decide on a second line in the future. Find out how to get
the lowest charges. The cable companies are trying to survive in competition with
BT, and they often give special deals to connect you with any ISP who uses their
phones. It could replace your mother as your highest discount BT connection
(Friends and Family). To save phone costs, go on-line to send or retrieve e-mails,
then go off-line to read them.
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) - Your ISP has a permanent connection to
the Internet, and when your modem talks to their modem over the phone
line, it connects you to the Internet for the duration of the phone call. The
lights on your modem display show the progress of the transfer of
information in both directions. Usually you can buy a few hours of Internet
connection per month for £40 - £60/year), which is enough for email use
and a bit of surfing. If you find you want the freedom to roam the Internet,
you can have unlimited access time, and even disc space on their
computer for your own web site, for £90 to £150/yr . Ask your friends if
they can recommend a good ISP in your area. You can usually get a free
trial. There are small local, and big national ISPs. Internet Magazine
publishes a review of ISPs every month so you can see how it rates their
speed and availability. Make sure any ISP has a dial-in number for your
local phone area - and if you travel around with a laptop, choose an ISP
which provides a special phone number which lets you access the Internet
at local call rates from anywhere in the UK. Some ISPs can also supply a
service which provides local call access all over the world. Support is
important when you are starting up, and a local ISP can sometimes be
more approachable. If you want to try any of them, they will usually
provide a CD or floppy disk which will install the software and information
you need to connect to the Internet.
INTERNET SOFTWARE
E-MAIL
Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, simply
mail, or the original eMail, is a store-and-forward method of
writing, sending, receiving and saving messages over
electronic communication systems. The term "e-mail" (as a
noun or verb) applies to the Internet e-mail system based on
the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, to network systems based
on other protocols and to various mainframe, minicomputer,
or intranet systems allowing users within one organization to
send messages to each other in support of workgroup
collaboration. Intranet systems may be based on proprietary
protocols supported by a particular systems vendor, or on
the same protocols used on public networks. E-mail is often
used to deliver bulk unsolicited messages, or "spam", but
filter programs exist which can automatically block,
quarantine or delete some or most of these, depending on
the situation.
WEB BROWSER
• A web browser is a software application which enables a user to
display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other
information typically located on a Web page at a website on the
World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web
page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or
different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily
access information provided on many Web pages at many websites
by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information
for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between
browsers.
• Some of the Web browsers currently available for personal
computers include Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Konqueror, Opera, Flock,
Internet Explorer, Epiphany, K-Meleon and AOL Explorer.[2] Web
browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent.
Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide
Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web
servers in private networks or content in file systems.
FTP SOFTWARE
• FTP Software was a software company incorporated in 1986 by James van Bokkelen, John
Romkey (author of the MIT PC/IP package), Nancy Connor, Roxanne van Bokkelen (nee
Ritchie), Dave Bridgham and several other founding shareholders. It was the first of many
companies to name themselves after an Internet protocol. Their main product was PC/TCP, a
full-featured, standards-compliant TCP/IP package for DOS. Initially the protocol stacks were
linked into individual application executables, but by 1989 all PC/TCP applications shared a
TSR kernel, which itself (initially) used built-in network interface drivers, and (later) TSR
Packet Drivers.
• The company had a good run, but suffered greatly from both internal and external pressures.
It had grown rapidly and repeatedly moved physically farther away from its roots at MIT. The
founders, though technically adept, were inexperienced as managers. They suffered from infighting, epitomized in a public divorce between two of the founders. The company went
public in 1993, and maintained profitable growth through 1995, as a dominant supplier of
TCP stacks for x86-based machines. When Microsoft included a TCP stack at no extra cost in
Windows 95 (as has become standard with all operating systems), FTP lost a significant
revenue source. Due to management (which by that time was mostly non-founders) failing to
adequately prepare for the transition into supplying network-using applications, FTP was not
able meet Wall Street's expectations and its stock price declined sharply.
• In May 1996 FTP software announced it was providing Microsoft with various technology for
Internet Explorer 2.0 for Windows 3.1, including a PPP network, 16-bit email client, and other
technology.
Videoconference
• A videoconference (also known as a
videoteleconference) is a set of interactive
telecommunication technologies which allow
two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously.
It has also been called visual collaboration
and is a type of groupware. It differs from
videophone in that it is designed to serve a
conference rather than individuals
Telnet
•
•
•
•
•
TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local
area network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and
standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.
The term telnet also refers to software which implements the client part of the protocol.
TELNET clients are available for virtually all platforms. Most network equipment and OSs with
a TCP/IP stack support some kind of TELNET service server for their remote configuration
(including ones based on Windows NT). Because of security issues with TELNET, its use has
waned as it is replaced by the use of SSH for remote access.
"To telnet" is also used as a verb meaning to establish or use a TELNET or other interactive
TCP connection, as in, "To change your password, telnet to the server and run the passwd
command".
Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system or a simple network device
such as a router. For example, a user might "telnet in from home to check his mail at school".
In doing so, he would be using a telnet client to connect from his computer to one of his
servers. Once the connection is established, he would then log in with his account
information and execute operating system commands remotely on that computer, such as ls
or cd.
On many systems, the client may also be used to make interactive raw-TCP sessions. It is
commonly believed that a telnet session which does not include an IAC (character 255) is
functionally identical. This is not the case however due to special NVT (Network Virtual
Terminal) rules such as the requirement for a bare CR (ASCII 13) to be followed by a NULL
(ASCII 0).
IRC
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet chat or
synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group
comunication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows
one-to-one communication via private message, as well as chat and
data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client.
• IRC was created by Jarkko Oikarinen in late August 1988 to replace a
program called MUT (MultiUser talk) on a BBS called OuluBox in
Finland. Oikarinen found inspiration in a chat system known as
Bitnet Relay, which operated on the BITNET.
• IRC gained prominence[citation needed] when it was used to report on
the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 throughout a media blackout. It
was previously used in a similar fashion during the Iraqi invasion.
Relevant logs are available from ibiblio archive[1].
• IRC client software is available for virtually every computer
operating system.
Web Page
• A Web page or webpage is a resource of information that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a
web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format,
and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.
• Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a
remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a
private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages
on the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from
web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• Web pages may consist of files of static text stored within the web
server's file system (static web pages), or the web server may
construct the (X)HTML for each web page when it is requested by a
browser (dynamic web pages). Client-side scripting can make web
pages more responsive to user input once in the client browser.