Transcript IT Concept and Management - Bina Darma e

IT Concept and
Management
PTI Pertemuan 3
Today’s Lessons

Information Systems



Concepts
Definition
Information System Infrastructure and Architecture






Information Infrastructure
IT Infrastructure
Mainframe Environment
PC Environment
Distributed Computing
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture

Web-Based Systems
 Web
Based Functionalities
 Internet-Intranet-Extranet
 E-Commerce Systems

New Computing Environments
 Grid
Computing
 Web Service
Information Systems
Concepts
 Definition

Information System Concept

Information Systems (IS) is a professional
and academic discipline concerned with
the strategic, managerial and operational
activities involved in the gathering,
processing, storing, distributing and use of
information, and its associated
technologies, in society and organizations.

As an area of study, IS bridges the
multidisciplinary business field and the
interdisciplinary computer science field
that is evolving toward a new scientific
discipline.

An information systems discipline therefore is
supported by the theoretical foundations of
information and computations such that
undergraduate students have unique
opportunities to explore the academics of
various business models as well as related
algorithmic processes within a computer science
discipline.

Typically, information systems or the more
common legacy information systems
include people, procedures, data,
software, and hardware (by degree) that
are used to gather and analyze digital
information.
Information System Definition

Silver et al. defined Information Systems as
follows:
Information systems are implemented within an
organization for the purpose of improving the
effectiveness and efficiency of that organization.
Capabilities of the information system and
characteristics of the organization, its work systems,
its people, and its development and implementation
methodologies together determine the extent to which
that purpose is achieved
Information System Infrastructure
and Architecture
Information Infrastructure
 IT Infrastructure
 Mainframe Environment
 PC Environment
 Distributed Computing
 Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture

Information Infrastructure

An information infrastructure is defined by
(Hanseth, 2002) as
"a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and
heterogeneous installed base“

and by (Pironti, 2006) as
all of the people, processes, procedures, tools,
facilities, and technology which supports the creation,
use, transport, storage, and destruction of
information.
IT Infrastructure



In information technology and on the Internet,
infrastructure is the physical hardware used to
interconnect computers and users.
Infrastructure includes the transmission media, including
telephone lines, cable television lines, and satellites and
antennas, and also the routers, aggregators, repeaters,
and other devices that control transmission paths.
Infrastructure also includes the software used to send,
receive, and manage the signals that are transmitted.



In some usages, infrastructure refers to interconnecting
hardware and software and not to computers and other
devices that are interconnected.
However, to some information technology users,
infrastructure is viewed as everything that supports the
flow and processing of information.
Infrastructure companies play a significant part in
evolving the Internet, both in terms of where the
interrconnections are placed and made accessible and in
terms of how much information can be carried how
quickly.
Mainframe Environments



Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large
organizations for critical applications.
Definition
The mainframe environment is the most mature IT area and as such
boundaries as well as metrics are clearly defined and known.
Unlike the other IT areas, the mainframe area is also (typically) an
environment where Vendors own all mainframe-related hardware
and software.
Trend
The major trend is moving off the mainframe to midrange platforms.
However, as history has shown, the move takes much longer than
anticipated.
PC Environment


A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose
computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales
price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended
to be operated directly by an end user with no
intervening computer operator.
This is in contrast to the batch processing or timesharing models which allowed large expensive
mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually
at the same time, or large data processing systems
which required a full-time staff to operate efficiently.

A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a
laptop, a tablet PC, or a handheld PC (also called a
palmtop). The most common microprocessors in
personal computers are x86-compatible CPUs. Software
applications for personal computers include word
processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers
and e-mail clients, games, and myriad personal
productivity and special-purpose software applications.
Modern personal computers often have connections to
the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and
a wide range of other resources.
Distributed Computing

Distributed computing is a field of computer
science that studies distributed systems. A
distributed system consists of multiple
autonomous computers that communicate
through a computer network. The computers
interact with each other in order to achieve a
common goal. A computer program that runs in
a distributed system is called a distributed
program, and distributed programming is the
process of writing such programs.

Distributed computing also refers to the
use of distributed systems to solve
computational problems. In distributed
computing, a problem is divided into many
tasks, each of which is solved by one
computer.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture

Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is
a distributed application architecture that
partitions tasks or work loads between peers.
Peers are equally privileged, equipotent
participants in the application. They are said to
form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.

Peers make a portion of their resources, such as
processing power, disk storage or network
bandwidth, directly available to other network
participants, without the need for central
coordination by servers or stable hosts. Peers
are both suppliers and consumers of resources,
in contrast to the traditional client–server model
where only servers supply, and clients consume.
Web-Based Systems



Web Based Functionalities
Internet-Intranet-Extranet
E-Commerce Systems
Web Based Functionalities

A web application is an application that is
accessed over a network such as the Internet or
an intranet. The term may also mean a computer
software application that is hosted in a browsercontrolled environment (e.g. a Java applet), or
coded in a browser-supported language (such
as JavaScript, combined with a browserrendered markup language like HTML) and
reliant on a common web browser to render the
application executable.

Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity
of web browsers, and the convenience of using
a web browser as a client, sometimes called a
thin client. The ability to update and maintain
web applications without distributing and
installing software on potentially thousands of
client computers is a key reason for their
popularity, as is the inherent support for crossplatform compatibility. Common web applications
include webmail, online retail sales, online
auctions, wikis and many other functions.
Internet-Intranet-Extranet

Internet
This is the world-wide network of computers accessible to anyone who
knows their Internet Protocol (IP) address - the IP address is a unique set of
numbers (such as 209.33.27.100) that defines the computer's location. Most
will have accessed a computer using a name such as
http://www.hcidata.com.
Before this named computer can be accessed, the name needs to be
resolved (translated) into an IP address. To do this your browser (for
example Netscape or Internet Explorer) will access a Domain Name Server
(DNS) computer to lookup the name and return an IP address - or issue an
error message to indicate that the name was not found.
Once your browser has the IP address it can access the remote computer.
The actual server (the computer that serves up the web pages) does not
reside behind a firewall - if it did, it would be an Extranet.

Intranet
This is a network that is not available to the world outside of the Intranet. If
the Intranet network is connected to the Internet, the Intranet will reside
behind a firewall and, if it allows access from the Internet, will be an
Extranet. The firewall helps to control access between the Intranet and
Internet to permit access to the Intranet only to people who are members of
the same company or organisation.
In its simplest form, an Intranet can be set up on a networked PC without
any PC on the network having access via the Intranet network to the
Internet.
For example, consider an office with a few PCs and a few printers all
networked together. The network would not be connected to the outside
world. On one of the drives of one of the PCs there would be a directory of
web pages that comprise the Intranet. Other PCs on the network could
access this Intranet by pointing their browser (Netscape or Internet
Explorer) to this directory - for example U:\inet\index.htm. From then
onwards they would navigate around the Intranet in the same way as they
would get around the Internet.

Extranet
An Extranet is actually an Intranet that is partially accessible to
authorised outsiders. The actual server (the computer that serves up
the web pages) will reside behind a firewall. The firewall helps to
control access between the Intranet and Internet permitting access
to the Intranet only to people who are suitably authorised. The level
of access can be set to different levels for individuals or groups of
outside users. The access can be based on a username and
password or an IP address (a unique set of numbers such as
209.33.27.100 that defines the computer that the user is on).
E-Commerce Systems

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or
eCommerce, or e-business consists of the buying and selling of
products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet
and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted
electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet
usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and
drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain
management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing,
electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems,
and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic
commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point
in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider
range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely
electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on
a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation
of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes
known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail.
Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the
World Wide Web.
To Search
Grid Computing
 Web Services

Selesai