Transcript From ARPANET to LambdaGrid

From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
Dennis Jennings
NSF Program Director for Networking (1985/86)
ex University College Dublin
28 September, 2005
Slide 1
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• Background / Context
– The “Internet”
• concept invented; research phase completed.
• no large scale demonstration.
– US (Academic) Research the driver
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Slide 2
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
Start of the Decade
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Slide 3
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1980
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Telecomms: Low Cost, Low regulation
Campus Networks: None
Networks: ARPANET, MFENET, Usenet
TCP/IP Implementations: BBN/ARPANET
Routers: BBN/ARPANET
Network Protocols: Proprietary - Decnet, SNA,
VNET, Misc.
– ARPANET success inspired – but access limited
– PC / Workstations – yet to come
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Slide 4
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
1980 to 1984
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Slide 5
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1980 – 1984
– Telecomms: ***
• More competition / more deregulation
• T1, T3 Circuits available and cost effective
• Falling costs
– Campus Networks:
• Ad-hoc departmental
• All standards – Ethernet (1980)
• Few ubiquitous networks
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Slide 6
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1980 – 1984
– Agency Networks:
• MFEnet – DECNET – 1976/1980 (ESNET 1985)
• ARPANET – (TCP/IP 1983) ***
• SPAN – DECNET – 1981
– Community Networks:
• Usenet
• BITNET – VNET – 1981
• CSnet – TCP/IP – 1981 (+ARPANET) ***
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Slide 7
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1980 – 1984
– TCP/IP (DARPA Protocol Suite) Implementations:
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BSD 4.2 Unix – 1983 (DARPA) ***
ARPANET – TCP/IP (1983)
VAX: Wollongong (1984?)
IBM: Wisconsin (1984?)
• Cray: None
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Slide 8
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1980 – 1984
– Main Protocols:
• DECNET – VAXen
• SNA – Mainframe number crunchers
• TCP/IP – Unix Workstations – Sun ***
– Routers:
• BBN
• Cisco/ Proteon/ Ungermann Bass (1984)
• Ad-hoc
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Slide 9
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
1984
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Slide 10
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1984
– Recognition:
• Networking important.
• CSnet success
• NSF’s Advanced Scientific Computing Initiative (OASC) –
network required
– Budget:
• Allocated for supercomputer network (NSF – ~10%)
– Program Director
• Appointment made – to start 1 January 1985
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Slide 11
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
1985
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Slide 12
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– NTAG
• To appoint a technical advisory group to advise (and,
more generally, to build consensus among the US
academic research community)
– General Purpose Network:
• to develop a general purpose national network for all
(science and engineering) research, not just a
specialised network for supercomputer users, in order to
achieve the mission goals - i.e. to provide all of the
science and engineering research community with
access to supercomputing power (and by extension to all
researchers/academics)
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Slide 13
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– An Internet:
• to develop a network of networks – an Internet – rather
that a dedicated single supercomputer network.
– TCP/IP:
• to adopt the TCP/IP (DARPA) protocol suite – the
Internet protocols.
• to mandate that the TCP/IP protocol suite be adopted (in
due course) by all existing supercomputer networks
funded by the NSF’s Advanced Scientific Computing
programme.
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Slide 14
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– Architecture:
• to build a three-tier network – based on:
– campus LANs,
– Regional, Supercomputer, and community networks
(e.g. CSNET, BITNET), ARPANET, and
– a national backbone network - linking the national
supercomputer centres/networks (and through them
the regional and campus networks).
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Slide 15
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– To fund mid level networks
• the supercomputer centre networks
- the JvNC network, provided it was TCP/IP; *
- the SDSC network, provided it migrated to TCP/IP in
due course
• the start-up of State and Regional networks (e.g.
NYSERNET, SURANET, BARRNET, etc.) and to
encourage local funding or these networks.
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Slide 16
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– (To fund mid level networks)
• the start-up of a number of “high speed” (T1 – 1.5 Mbit)
networks.
• the CSnet Cypress project
• the BITNET TCP/IP project
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Slide 17
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– Not to fund campus networks
• not to fund the campus networks, but to leave to the
campuses the responsibility for the delivery of networking
to the end users (Campus “Gateways” were funded).
– To fund the NSFNET backbone
• 17 September 1985
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Slide 18
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
28 September, 2005
Slide 19
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions
– Routers
• to use an interim router solution (Dave Mill’s Fuzzball) for
the NSFNET backbone (to permit the industry time to
develop routers that met the standard router
specification).
• to develop a specification for a standard router
(RFC985).
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Slide 20
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1985 – NSFNET Key Decisions - continued
While all of these decisions may seem reasonably
obvious with hindsight, none of these decisions was
seen by everyone involved as obviously necessary or
correct at the time, and all of the decisions were
controversial, hotly debated, and contested.
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Slide 21
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
1986
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Slide 22
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1986 – NSFNET Early Implementations
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Backbone (56Kb)
Supercomputer Centre Networks (56/T1)
Regionals (56Kb) (BARRNET at T1)
ARPANET expansion (slow)
Csnet Cypress Project
BITNET – TCP/IP Project
Campus Networks
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Slide 23
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
1987 to 1989
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Slide 24
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1987 – 1989: Rapid Growth
– NSFNET T1 Backbone
– Professional Management (Merit/ IBM/ MCI)
– Regionals – growth and interconnection –
professional management – privatisation –
commercialisation ….
– Campus networks
– NSFNET T3 Backbone planned
– Everyone wanted to be on the network / Internet
– US FCCSET coordination and planning
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Slide 25
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1987 – 1989: The Engineering Phase
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TCP/IP implementations
Routing development
Performance enhancement
Tools for information discovery …..
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Slide 26
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1987 – 1989: The Commercial Phase
– Commercial router development
– Commercial Networks
• UUNET (Commercial – 1989)
• PSInet (1989)
– Everyone wanted to be on the network / Internet
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Slide 27
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
… and By the End of the Decade
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Slide 28
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
• 1990
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The US National Research Network was in place
The Internet was in place
The Commercial Internet was beginning
The stage was set - for the next Eruption……
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Slide 29
From ARPANET to LambdaGrid:
The 1980s Eruption
……………………..
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Slide 30