Transcript Elements of An Information Network

Future Information Networks and
Applications
Wen-Tsuen Chen
Computer and Communication Research Center
National Tsing Hua University
Hsinchu, Taiwan
Presented in ICOIN-12, 1998, Tokyo, Japan
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Introduction
National & Global Effects
Future Information Networks Projects
Conclusion
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Elements of An Information Network
• Communication Network Fabric: Internet, local
area networks, wide area networks, wireless
networks
• Information Servers: digital libraries, video servers
• Information Appliances: computers, mobile
terminals, PDAs
• Distributed Environments
• Application Softwares and Services
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Information Servers
Communication
Network Fabric
Applications
Information
Appliances
Distributed
Environments
Information Servers
Networks
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Internet Protocols
Applications
TELNET
FTP
SMTP
DNS
TCP/IP
LAN
WAN
Packet
Radio
SATNET
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Milestones of Information Networks
• Arpanet introduced in 1969
• TIME special issue “The New Age of
Discovery: A Celebration of Mankind’s
Exploration of the Unknown”
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Milestones of Information Networks
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Arpanet introduced in 1969
TCP/IP, by V. Cerf and R. Kahn, in 1974
Ethernet, by R. M. Metcalfe et al., in 1976
Cellular telephones in 1978
PC introduced in early 1980s
Proliferation of LANs and hence the Internet in
mid 1980s
• Mosaic browser in 1993 and World-Wide Web
Consortium in 1994
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Computer and Communication Research Center
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Technological Driving Forces
• Computer technology introduces cheap and
fast information processing, huge
information storage.
• IC technology makes highly compact and
integrated systems possible.
• Networking technology makes effective
information exchange. Internet users grow
exponentially.
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Other Driving Forces
• Economical: Use of information technology
to increase productivity, and lower inventory
cost etc.
• Social: better quality of life, medical care,
digital library etc.
• Political: To balance regional development,
equal access to information.
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Current Statistics About World-Wide Web
• More than 100 millions of users expected
around the world on the Web in 1999,
compared with 25 millions in 1996 and 1
million in 1994
• In 1997, 27.7 million users in US, 7 millions
in Japan, 1.2 million in Taiwan (4 millions
expected in 2000), and 300K in China (10
millions expected in 2000)
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Demographics of Internet / WWW Users
• Surveyed 1,000 U. S. households in April
1997 by Louis Harris & Associates, Baruch
College, commissioned by Business Week.
• Age: 45% are 40 or older. The Web is no
longer a stomping ground just for young.
• Gender: 41% are female, up from 23% in
Sept. 1995.
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Demographics of Internet / WWW Users
• Education: 27% are high school or less
• Income: 42% have annual incomes of more
than US$50,000, while only 18% take in
US$25,000 or less.
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Usage of the Internet / WWW
• The most common activity is searching for
information (82% either sometimes or often).
• Education (75%), News (68%), Entertainment
(61%), and Hobbies (52%).
• The least popular is shopping online (10%).
However nearly one-quarter of users have
purchased something either on the Internet or an
online service.
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Usage of the Internet / WWW (cont.)
• The typical online shopper is affluent and
advanced in age.
• 42% of those 65 or older have purchased
something.
• Net merchants have the tools to aim their
efforts at potential customers.
• Electronic commerce is coming of age.
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Usage of the Internet / WWW (cont.)
• The Internet becomes the infrastructure on
which applications and services are based.
• Internet +Applications&Services =
Information Networks
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National & Global Efforts
• National Information Infrastructure (NII) of
US.
• Advanced Information Infrastructure of
Japan
• IT2000 of Singapore
• National Information Infrastructure of
Taiwan
• Global Information Infrastructure
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US National Information Infrastructure
• US President Clinton presented a vision of
National Information Infrastructure (NII) for
the 21st century
• The Goals of NII
– Increasing industrial competitiveness
– Balancing regional developments
– Enhancing social benefits
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Benefits of NII
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Enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing base
Increase the speed and efficiency of electronic commerce
Improve health care delivery and control costs
Promote quality educational and lifelong learning
Make us more effective at environmental monitoring
Easy access to digital libraries
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NII Architecture Model
A pplic ations
S erv ic e
A rc hitec tures
H ealth C are
V oic e
D ata/
Im age
E duc ation
M anufac turing
R & D
T elec om m uting
V ideo
M u ltim e d ia
Infras truc ture
( LE C , C A P , C able, W ireles s & IE C )
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Advanced Information Infrastructure of
Japan
• Based on the June 1993 report by
Information Industry Committee of
Industrial Structure Council
• Proposed by the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry in May 1994.
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Advanced Information Infrastructure of
Japan (cont.)
• Dissemination of advanced information
technology into Industry
– to improve work efficiency and productivity
– offices, corporate manufacturing systems,
business transactions and product development,
corporate research
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Advanced Information Infrastructure of
Japan (cont.)
• Dissemination of advanced information
technology into homes
– Diversified choice of information, such as electronic
newspaper, digital library, virtual museum
– New services, such as home shopping and ticketing,
remote education, online medical treatment
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Advanced Information Infrastructure of
Japan (cont.)
• Dissemination of advanced information
technology into public sector
– Education: remote education and learning
– Research: collaboration through information
networks
– Medical and welfare services: medical databases,
telemedicine, social participation of elderly people
– Digital libraries
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Benefits of the Advanced Information
Infrastructure
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Dealing with the aging population
Rectifying overconcentration in urban areas
Reforming Japan’s economic structure
Realizing a comfortable lifestyle
International community-oriented
cooperation
• Environmental concerns
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The IT2000 of Singapore
• The IT2000 Vision was formulated in 1991 to
construct an Intelligent Island in 2000
• Fiber to every home
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The IT2000 of Singapore (cont.)
• The five strategic thrusts:
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Developing a Global Hub
Improving the Quality of Life
Boosting the Economic Engine
Linking Communities Locally and Globally
Enhancing the Potential of Individuals
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The NII of Taiwan
• Taiwan has initiated the NII development in
1994.
• Major experimental projects:
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Broadband Network Construction
Electronic Commerce
Distance Learning
Telemedicine etc.
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The NII of Taiwan (cont.)
• Five goals at the present stage :
– Promoting the use of Internet : to reach three million
Internet users by 2000
– Putting every middle school and primary school on
Internet
– Developing Taiwan as an Internet hub in the Asia Pacific
area
– Establishing a "Global Chinese Network Information
Center"
– Developing a new industry of network multimedia
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Distance Learning in Taiwan
• The Science & Technology Advisory Office and
Computer Center of Ministry of Education initiated
the “Distance Learning Pilot Project”.
• In September 1994, Ministry of Education convened
five national universities to setup “High Performance
Network experimenting platforms”.
• Each university has several ATM switches connected
locally and has a gateway to the national ATM
backbone network.
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Distance Learning in Taiwan (cont.)
• In August 1995, Ministry of Education
invited 10 National Universities, including
NTU, NTHU...etc. to initiate “Pilot System
for Distance Learning”. Their main tasks
are:
– To setup main broadcasting classrooms
– To develop coursewares
– To evaluate effectiveness of distance learning
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EDU CC
ATM T1x8
Switch
MCU
T1x1
NCU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
T1x1
ISDN
NTU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
ISDN
NCTU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
T1x1
MCU
ISDN
NTHU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
T1x1
NCHC CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
T1x1
ISDN
T1x1
MCU
ISDN
: OC-3C
CCU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
T1x1
: DS-3
ISDN
NCKU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
T1x1
ISDN
NSYSU CC
ATM T1x1
Switch
MCU
T1x1
ISDN
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Distance Learning in Taiwan (cont.)
• In May 1996, 30 universities and colleges
joined to promote this project, and provided
22 courses in all.
• In June 1997, the Executive Yuan approved
the “Distance Learning Development
Project” for 4 years.
• Currently more than 70 schools join the
project and offer about 100 courses.
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Future Applications
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Electronic Commerce
Webcasting
Distance Education
Telemedicine
Digital Libraries
Collaborative Research
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Digital Library
Telemedicine
Distance Learning
Information Network
Electronic Government
Distance Learning
Electronic Commerce
Video Conference
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Electronic Commerce
Commercial
Information Providers
Server
PBX
Financial
Institute
Communications
Network
Commercial - Agent
Manufacture
On-line Shopping
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Telemedicine Applications
University/
Research
Institute
Medical Research
Database
• Basic Application
Groups
- Conferencing: For
Emergency wireless
communications
Hospital
Remote
diagnostics
Remote Clinic
Multimedia
Patient record
database
Communications
Network
Image
Processing
Wireless LAN
Patient Chart
(Pen based)
Multimedia
DBMS
Email
Server
Conferencing
Bridge
Multimedia Application Servers
Video
Server
Remote Diagnostics,
Medical Training &
Conferencing
- Messaging: For
Communication
- Information Retrieval:
For Access To Medical
Research Database
- MMDB: For Patient
Record Image
Processing
- Wireless WAN
Access:
For Emerging Mobile
Communication
- Wireless LAN: For InHospital communication
Medical
• End-To-End System
Training/
Conferencing Integration is
Important
Future Information Networks
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High bandwidth
Quality of Service support
Mobility support
Security
Network management
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Future Information Network Projects
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Next Generation Internet
Internet2
IMT-2000
National Telecommunication Project in
Taiwan
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Goals of NGI
• Experimental Research for Advanced Network
Technologies
• Next Generation Network Fabric
• Revolutionary Applications
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Goal 1 : Experimental Research for
Advanced Network Technologies
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Quality of service (QoS)
Security and robustness
Network management
Systems engineering and operations
New or modified protocols for routing, switching,
multicast, reliable transport, security, and mobility
• Computer operating systems
• Collaborative and distributed application
environments
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Goal 2 : Next Generation Network
Fabric
• High-performance connectivity
– delivering 100X current Internet performance endto-end (typically greater than 100+ Mbps end-toend)
• Next generation network technologies and
ultra-high-performance connectivity
– at 1000X current Internet performance end-to-end
(typically greater than 1+ Gbps end-to-end and
many Gbps in backbone circuits.)
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Goal 3 : Revolutionary Applications
• Health care
– Telemedicine, emergency medical response team
support
• Education
– Distance education, digital libraries
• Scientific research
– Energy, earth systems, climate, biomedical research
• National security
– High performance global communications, advanced
information dissemination
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Goal 3: Revolutionary Applications (cont.)
• Environment
– Monitoring, prediction, warning, response
• Government
– Delivery of government services and information to
citizens and businesses
• Emergencies
– Disaster response, crisis management
• Design and manufacture
– Manufacturing engineering
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Internet 2
• Mission
– Facilitate and coordinate the development,
deployment, operation and technology
transfer of advanced, network-based
applications and network services and
accelerate the availability of new services and
applications on the Internet.
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The Goals of Internet 2
• Demonstrate new applications that can
dramatically enhance researchers' ability to
collaborate and conduct experiments.
• Demonstrate enhanced delivery of education
and other services (e.g., health care,
environmental monitoring) by taking advantage
of "virtual proximity" created by an advanced
communications infrastructure.
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The Goals of Internet 2 (cont.)
• Support development and adoption of
advanced applications by providing
middleware and development tools.
• Facilitate development, deployment, and
operation of an affordable communications
infrastructure, capable of supporting
differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) based
on applications requirements of the research
and education community.
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The Goals of Internet 2 (cont.)
• Promote experimentation with the next generation
of communications technologies.
• Coordinate adoption of working standards and
common practices among participating institutions
to ensure end-to-end quality of service and
interoperability.
• Study impact of new infrastructure, services and
applications on higher education and the Internet
community in general.
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Internet 2 Applications
• Examples of Internet 2 Applications:
– Learningware and the Instructional Management
System
– Digital Libraries and Information Access and
Distribution
– The Virtual Laboratory: An Application
Environment for Computational Science and
Engineering.
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IMT - 2000
• The ITU proposed the International Mobile
Telecommunications - 2000 (IMT-2000), formerly
known as FPLMTS(Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication System) in 1992.
• Aimed at providing mobile telecommunications
anywhere and anytime and develop systems that
could be used around the year 2000
• Will operate in a frequency band around 2000
MHz
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IMT-2000 Structure
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Key features and objectives
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Incorporation of a variety of systems
A high degree of commonality of design world wide
High quality and integrity
Accommodation of a variety of types of terminals
including the pocket size terminal
• Use of a small pocket terminal world wide
• Connection of mobile users to other mobile users or
fixed users
• Provision of services by more than one network in any
coverage area
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Key features and objectives (cont.)
• Availability to mobile users of a range of voice and non-voice
services
• Provision of these services over a wide range of user densities
and coverage areas
• Efficient use of the radio spectrum
• Provision of a framework for mobile network services and
access to services and facilities of the fixed network
• An open architecture which permits easy introduction of
advances in technology and of different applications
• A modular structure which allows the system to start from as
small and simple a configuration as possible and grow as
needed, in size and complexity
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Additional Goals
• Quality of service
• New services and capabilities
• Flexibility : Multi-environment, multi-mode,
multi-band capabilities
• Impact on spectrum
• Evolution and migration capabilities
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National Telecommunication Project in
Taiwan
• Initiated in July 1997, a five-year national
project started at July 1998.
• Budget: NT$1billion per year.
• Two major fields:
– Broadband Internet
– Wireless Communication
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Goals of the NTP
– Development of critical technologies
– Enhance the national competitiveness
– Improve telecommunication services and
productivity
– Development of telecommunication industry
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Plan of the NTP
• Establish an experimental broadband
network with gateway to international
research networks (US NSF, Canada
CANARIE etc.)
• Setup open laboratories in participating
universities.
• Encourage cooperation with international
research institutions.
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Some Technology Advances
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IP & LAN switching
QoS support
Wireless IP
Broadband wireless networks
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IP and LAN Switching
• Switching technologies have been included in
LANs and IP switches.
• Performance of LANs has been greatly
improved by domain switching.
• IP routing speed is increased by cut-through
switching.
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Switching Technologies
Circuit
Switching
Fast Packet
Switching
Layer 3 Switch
Multiprotocol
Switch
IP Switch
Tag Switch
ATM Switch
Switched LANs (Layer 2 Switch)
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit
Ethernet
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IP Switch Elements
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IP Switch Features
• IP applications with ATM performance and
QoS
• Keeping the flexibility of IP routing
• Enhanced multicast capability derived from
ATM
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Tag Switch
• Initiated by Cisco Co.
• Similar to IP switch
– Use Tag to facilitate hardware (ATM) switching
– Capable of carrying various kinds of layer 3
protocols
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Tag Switch
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IP Switch Applications
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LAN TV
Distance learning
Corporate broadcasts
Desktop conferencing
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Quality of Service Support
• Real-time applications: Internet telephony,
video conferencing, webcasting.
• Internet QoS
– New definition of QoS (other than that of ATM
QoS)
– Integrated Services (Intserv)
– Differentiated Services (Diffserv)
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Wireless IP
• Goal: Consumers and corporations alike
using portable communications gear running
IP apps to access the Internet or intranet.
• Between 30 and 60 million people will be
surfing the wireless Web by 2002, as a
consequence the next few years will see big
changes in the world of mobile wireless IP.
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Wireless IP (cont.)
• WAP(wireless application protocol):
– Protocol stack that corresponds to 4 Layers
through 7 of the OSI model, used to send
simplified Web pages to wireless devices.
– Using IP but replaces TCP and HTTP with
UDP and WTP while requiring pages be
written in WML rather than HTML.
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Wireless IP (cont.)
• Nine of the largest wireless communications
companies (British Telecommunications, AT&T
Wireless, Rogers Cantel, Ericsson, Lucent
Technologies, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Telenor, and
Telecom Italiain) in the world will form a focus
group (3G.IP) to develop and promote wireless
technology based on IP for a third-generation
mobile telephone and data transmission system.
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Networking & Mobility Management
• Received packets at the receiver shall meet
the QoS requirements.
• Wireless is usually the bottleneck for end-toend QoS constraint.
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FEC & link control
bandwidth allocation
admission control
flow control
above must be done in real-time
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Mobility
• Handoff and routing
– How to find a new route ?
• QoS provisioning
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MAC layer access scheme
Admission control to minimize call blocking
Handoff policy to minimize cell drops
Routing in the network backbone to meet QoS
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Conclusion
The Next Generation Internet (as well as
Information Network) Vision:
In the 21st Century, the Internet will provide a
powerful and versatile environment for
business, education, culture, and entertainment.
Sight, sound, and even touch will be integrated
through powerful computers, displays, and
networks.
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People will use this environment to work, bank, study,
shop, entertain, and visit with each other. Whether at
the office, at home, or on travel, the environment will
be the same. Security, reliability, and privacy, will be
built in. The customer will be able to choose among
different levels of service with varying prices.
Benefits of this environment will include a more agile
economy, a greater choice of places to live and work,
easy access to life-long learning, and better
opportunity to participate in the community, the
Nation, and the World.
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