Transcript File

I. HapsburgValois
Wars
(1519-1559)
Last Purely Dynastic War
of 16th Century
• A. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559
• 1. Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars (last
purely dynastic wars of the 16th
century)
• 2. These wars had been political in nature
(and thus not religious) since both
France and the Holy Roman Empire
were Catholic.
Hapsburg-Valois War
• B. France had kept the Holy Roman
Empire from gaining hegemony in
Germany, while inadvertently helping
Lutheranism to spread
– 1. France chose the political issue of a
possible strong German state on its eastern
border as being more important than the
religious unity of Europe. (Secular)
– 2. This was a major reason for Germany’s
inability to move towards unification early on.
Hapsburg-Valois War
• C. Spain defeated France for control of
Sicily, Naples, and Milan while Spanish
influence was also strong in the Papal
States and Tuscany.
• · Politics of Europe shifted toward
Spain during its “Golden Age” in the
late-16th century.
Hapsburg-Valois War
RESULTS
• a. Spain was the winner
• b. France had to acknowledge Spanish
dominance of Italy (Spanish
governors ruled Sicily, Naples, and
Milan)
Hapsburg-Valois War
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RESULTS
IT DIDN’T TOTALLY END DYNASTIC WARS,
HOWEVER A NEW SET OF WARS OVER
RELIGION BLOSSOMED
ordinary people participated as religious
passion conditioned their minds
Catholics believed that Protestants could be
reconverted
Protestants persisted in the idea that the
Catholic Church should be destroyed
People felt that a country (state) could only
survive if its people shared the same faith
The
Wars of
Religion
(1560s-1648)
NEW TYPE OF WARFARE
• 16th and 17th century warfare was fought
with larger armies, in some cases as
many as 50,000 men
• These large armies were expensive and
Govt.s had to reorganize themselves to
and develop tax structures to finance
• The use of gunpowder altered the nature
of warfare and the attitudes of people
toward it
NEW TYPE OF WARFARE
GUN POWDER
• Gunpowder allowed cannons and other
weapons to wound or kill from great
distances (Etiquette and Glory)
• Common Soldiers could kill a “Gentlemen” (Very
unsportsmanlike!)
• War was no longer as “Noble” as it once was?
NEW TYPE OF WARFARE
PROPAGANDA
• First time used to influence people by the
government and church
• Sermons• Printing Press-
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• A. Philip II (1556-98): Like his father, Charles V,
fanatically sought to re-impose Catholicism in
Europe
– 1. Under Philip, Spain became the dominant country
in Europe: “Golden Age” of Spain
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• 2. Escorial: new royal palace (and monastery
and mausoleum) was built in the shape of
grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St.
Lawrence
– · Symbolized the power of Philip as well as his
commitment to his Catholic crusade
El Escorial
El Escorial
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• B. Spain waged a war against the Turks in
the Mediterranean to secure the region for
Christian merchants.
– 1. Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated the
Turkish navy off the coast of Greece
– 2. Spain’s religious fervor in its battle with the
Turks was reminiscent of the earlier Christian
Crusades.
– 3. Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• C. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands
– Background info:
• Netherlands was the pivot around which European
money, diplomacy and war revolved.
• Each of 17 provinces of Netherlands had historical
liberties: (much like American Colonies!)
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–
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Self governing
Right to make own laws
Collect their own taxes
Sense of a federation
• Corruption of Roman Church provoked reform
(Protestantism was popular)
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• C. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands
– Background info:
• In response Charles reacted with condemnation and mild
repression
• Charles (Spain/ HRE) was born and raised in the
Netherlands
– He was Flemish and identified with them and vice versa
• 1556 he abdicated
– Ferdinand became HRE
– Philip inherited Spain and Low Countries, Italian provinces
and Americas
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• C. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands
– Background info: Philip Takes Action
– 1566- sparked off this revolt due to high grain prices and
Philip’s persecution of prominent Calvinists (Inquisition)
- The revolt targeted Religious symbols, not people/ the
Cathedral in Notre Dame was first target (Antwerp)
- 6 nights, crowds tore the cathedral apart and moved to
destroy over 30 more Catholic Churches
- Libraries burned
- Philip sent 20,000 Spanish Soldiers to “pacify” the
low countries under “Duke of Alva”
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• C. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands
– Background info: Philip takes action
– “Duke of Alva” Fernando Alvarez de Toledo
• Ordered men to ruthlessly exterminate protestants
• Sets up tribunal called council of Troubles
• Known as Council of Blood
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
• C. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands
– 1. William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584), led
17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition
• · Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the
Netherlands
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
– 2. United Provinces of the Netherlands formed
in 1581 (Dutch Republic)
• a. Received aid from England under Elizabeth I
Elizabeth obliged for 3 reasons
- 1) Low Countries were chief market for English Wool and
loss of this would be terrible for England’s economy
- 2) Murder of William Silent in 1584 (Protestant)
- 3) England could not allow the Spanish to control
Northern Provinces because that would give SPAIN a
point to invade England
- Liz sent 250,000 pounds and 2000 soldiers to aid the
low-countries
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
– 2. United Provinces of the Netherlands formed
in 1581 (Dutch Republic)
• a. Received aid from England under Elizabeth I
Philips Reaction to England
– Backed Mary Queen of Scots
– Spanish Armada 1588
II. SPAIN’S CATHOLIC CRUSADE
– 2. United Provinces of the Netherlands formed
in 1581 (Dutch Republic)
• a. Received aid from England under Elizabeth I
• b. Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining
Catholicism throughout his empire.
• c. Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium):
the 10 southern provinces remained under Spain’s
control
• d. The Dutch closing of the Scheldt River resulted in
the demise of Antwerp as Europe’s commercial
center and the rise of Amsterdam
• e. Opened to the door to the decline of Spain and
emergence of England in world affairs
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase.
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
WAR OF THREE
HENRYS!!!!
ONLY IN AP
EURO!!!!!
Henry Duke of Guise
Henry III Volois
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes
first before any religious
considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
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Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all