Transcript Byzantine Empire

1. What’s happening in this picture?
2. Where are these events occurring?
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Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
3. Which part of the empire was Gaul a part of?
4. Which part of the empire was Greece a part of?
5. What is the name of the area that Greece is located in?
6. What was the capital of the Eastern Empire?
7. Use the map on the next page. What name does this city become in the
Middle Ages?
8. See slide 14 to find out what is the city’s name today.
476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories
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Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
9. What tribes are attacking Rome?
10. What tribes are attacking the Eastern half?
11. Which half of the Roman Empire is being attacked the most?
12. What will these attacks lead to?
 By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire
 Byzantium = eastern empire
 Rome = western empire
 476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the
Western Roman Empire
 Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and
carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.
 Middle Ages = European history between the
fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern
Era (1450)
 Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium”
is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age)
 Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E.
 High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E.
 Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.
13. When were the Middle Ages?
14. Define Middle Ages.
15. The Medieval Period is divided into what 3 parts?
Some believed that
pestilence, war, famine, & death
• Instability after Rome’s fall
• Lawlessness, corruption, political
assassinations, & starvation
• No national government; local
regional lords held the power
• Lords controlled estates through
feudalism
• Constant fear of plunderers and
robbers
• High inflation and low trade
500-1000 C.E.
16. Write a paragraph describing the political situation in
the Early Middle Ages.
 Eastern ½ of the Roman
Empire = Byzantium
 Becomes the Byzantine
Empire after Rome falls
 Survives almost 1,000 years
after Rome’s collapse
 At 1st, the Byzantines
controlled only a small area
around the eastern
Mediterranean
 Justinian (527-565), expanded
& recovered much of the
territory of the old Roman
empire
 Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for
almost 1,000 years
 Largest city in Medieval Europe
 Major center of commerce
 Constantinople is Istanbul today
17. Why
is the city
walled?
18. What
is this
building?
See slide
25
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The
Golden
Horn =
inlet off of
the
Bosporus
that forms
a natural
harbor
Use the map on slide 16 to answer the following questions on a
sheet of notebook paper.
19. Which 2 larger bodies of water are connected by the
Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles?
20. Why is Constantinople in an ideal location for protection
from attack?
21. Which rivers provided trading routes to inland areas of
Europe and Asia?
The Golden Horn
 Justinian = ruled as an
autocrat
 Autocrat – ruler who
has complete authority
 Justinian & Theodora
created a huge
Christian empire
 The empire reached its
greatest size under
their rule
Queen Theodora
This map depicts the
Empire at the death
of Justinian I, who
had reigned from
527 to 565 as sole
Emperor,
sometimes in
concert, and
sometimes in
conflict, with his
powerful wife
Theodora.
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Number the questions below 22-24 and answer them in your notes
= “The New Rome”
 Wealthy
 Produced: gold, silk, grain,
olives and wine
 Traded for spices, ivory and
precious stones
 Traders used the Silk Road
and other trade routes
 Traders traveled as far as
China and India
22. What products did the Byzantines trade?
23. Where did the Silk Road begin in the east?
24. Name 3 deserts the Silk Road goes around.
25. What sea’s eastern shore does the Silk Road end on?
Sponsored a Rebuilding Program in Constantinople
Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)
• Most buildings were
built by architects
• Justinian selected 2
Greek mathematicians
• Results = combines
Greek balance &
proportion with Roman
engineering skills
• Great central dome is
supported by 4 corners
The walls and ceiling are lined with golden mosaics and windows
Mosaics are pictures made of tiny pieces of cut glass and stone
The mosaics illustrate stories from the Old Testament and from local history
The Virgin and Child with Emperors Justinian (left) and Constantine (right)
26. What is Justinian holding?
27. What is Constantine holding?
28. What are the dome and walls lined with?
29. How does this affect the lighting in the building?
500-800: Catholic Church debated several issues
1. Was Jesus flesh, spirit or a combination of both?
2. Use of relics – bones/objects connected with saints
• The Eastern Church
disagreed with using
relics and images.
•They were iconoclasts
= image breakers
• Monks white-washed
images of Jesus & the
saints
3. Romans believed that
Rome should be the
head of the Church
because the apostle
Peter spent his last
years in Rome.
4. Byzantines didn’t accept
Rome’s leadership of
the Catholic Church
• Disagreements led to a split in the Catholic Church
• 1054 – Great Schism = separation
- Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek & Russian)
- Western Catholic Church (Roman)
• Patriarch = the head of the
Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church
• Pope = the head of the Roman
Catholic Church
•Rome doesn’t believe
priests should marry;
Eastern Orthodox do
• Roman Catholics don’t
accept divorce; Eastern
Orthodox allow
• Roman Catholics worship
in Latin
•Eastern Orthodox worship
in Greek
Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Catholic doctrine says that Jesus made
Saint Peter the first pope. This established a link between Jesus and the papacy. The pope is viewed as the
apostles’ heir. This doctrine gave the papacy tremendous power. The advantages taken by certain popes of
this and other doctrines was later criticized by many Christian reformers.
Fresco by Perugino Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York
30. What was the Great Schism of 1054?
31. Name 3 issues the Eastern Orthodox and
Roman Catholics disagreed on.
 Rebuilt the
Hippodrome
 Used for gladiator
fights and chariot races
 Justinian I organized
the first written
compilation of Roman
law
 Called The Justinian
Code
 Influenced the
development of the civil
law system in many
countries
32. What is
happening in this
slide?
33. What are the
men doing?
34. Who are the
men?
 Laws were fairer to women. They
could own property and raise their
own children after their husbands
died.
 Children were allowed to choose
their own marriage partners.
 Slavery was legal and slaves must
obey their masters.
 Punishments were detailed and fit
the crime
 Inspired the modern concept of
“justice.”
35. Why was the Justinian Code important?
36. Summarize 3 major achievements of
Justinian
Europe
Classical and
Christian
Learning
Europe
Constantinople
Roman Law
Missionaries
Byzantine
Empire
Africa
Europe
Eastern Europe
Christian Art
Architecture
Trade
Asia
Christianity
Conquests
West
East
Europe
Middle East
Islam spread throughout Africa, Asia, and
Europe
The
Crusades
In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine
where Jesus Christ had lived and preached
Muslims were tolerant
let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths
Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
Persecuted Christian pilgrims
1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert;
Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help
 Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim
“infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics
The Crusades
continued
Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their
tunics & marched to fight/die for God
1st Crusade: (1096-1099)
 French, German, and Italian armies captured
Jerusalem
 Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims &
Jews; stole/ransacked goods
 Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding
territories vulnerable
 Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa
2nd Crusade: (1147-1149)
 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back
Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in
1187 for the Muslims
The Crusades
continued
3rd Crusade: (1189-1192)
 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river
 English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea
 captured the coastal cities
 unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem
 Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast
 King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here
 Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem
 Muslim leader
 Established the
Ayyubid Dynasty
 Very devout
 Legendary chivalry
 Defeated
Europeans in the 2nd
& 3rd Crusades
Saladin (1138-1193)
 Spared Jerusalem
 Made Cairo a
vibrant medieval city
The Crusades
continued
3rd Crusade (1202-1204)
 Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest
economic competitor
 Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it
until 1261
 Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261
 Byzantine Empire never regained their great power
 Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453
3rd Crusade = 1204
 Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders
 Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition
 1261, Byzantines regained control of the city
 Byzantine empire never regained its former glory
 “Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453
What was the main effect of the Crusades?
 Italian port cities prospered economically
 Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices,
coffee, tea, science, and knowledge
 Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to
travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods
 Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more
aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in
Asia, Africa, and the Americas
 3rd Crusade sacked Constantinople;
weakened the Byzantine Empire
 Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe
 Broke down feudalism;
Paved the way for the development of European nation-states
Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust
& enmity between Muslims &Christians
Crusaders sacked Constantinople
Collapse of the Byzantine Empire
Mehmet II
 1453 – the Muslim
Ottoman Empire
surrounded and
conquered
Constantinople
 Constantinople was
renamed Istanbul
 Istanbul = the capital of
the Ottoman Empire.
Constantine XI
37. What were the Crusades?
38. What caused the Crusades?
39. What were the results of the Crusades?
40. What was the result of the 3rd Crusade?
41. Who was Saladin?
42. Who conquered Constantinople?
43. When did Constantinople fall?
Religious Influences
Area – Geographic Influences
Intellectual Influences
Political Influences
Social Influences
Economic Influences