Transcript File - Yip the Great

The Middle Ages
Medieval man’s expression of faith
- Literary  Divine Comedy
- Military/political  Crusades
- Art/architecture  Gothic Cathedral
- Intellectual  Scholasticism
The Middle Ages
1071 – Battle of
Manzikert
-Seljuk Turks defeat
Byzantine Empire 
threaten
Constantinople
- Jerusalem actually
captured by Islamic
armies in 636
- Religious fervor
- Byzantine emperor appeals
for help
- Pope Urban II responds with
call for Crusades to recapture
“Holy Land”
The Middle Ages
Why did Europe respond?
(Reasons)
- Political
- Religious
- Social
- Economic
- Political
- Papal hope of controlling
Byzantine Empire again
- exert influence over nobility
- particularly Germans & Normans
- kings amassing more power
The Middle Ages
Religious
- demonstrate faith
- guarantee pilgrimages to holy sites
- remission of sin
Social & Economic
- landless nobility could gain lands &
wealth
- increase prestige
Peasant’s Crusade (People’s)
- 40,000 lowborn knights & peasants
- escape drought & famine
(millenarianism)
- Peter the Hermit
- defeated before reaching Jerusalem
The Middle Ages
First Crusade (the better one)
- leaves Europe 1096
- conquers Antioch 1098
- reaches Jerusalem 1099
- take city July 15
- slaughtered Jews &
Muslims in the city
“...[our men] were killing and slaying even to the
Temple of Solomon, where the slaughter was so great
that our men waded in blood up to their ankles...”
“In this temple 10,000 were killed… But what more
shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither
women nor children were spared.”
The Middle Ages
Four Crusader Kingdoms
- County of Edessa
- Principality of Antioch
- County of Tripoli
- Kingdom of Jerusalem
FIRST CRUSADE – SUCCESS!!
Seljuk Turks retake Edessa
Bernard of Clairvaux calls for
Second Crusade  Really bad
for Europeans (good for Seljuk
Turks
- By 1187 all Crusader kingdom
have fallen
The Middle Ages
Third Crusade
- Saladin the Great captures all of
the holy Lands
- new Crusade called  Frederick
Barbarossa (HRE), Philip II
(France), and Richard I (England)
respond
- Barbarossa dies enroute, Philip
goes back to France (to take
Normandy while Richard was
away)
- Richard captures island of
Cyprus (from Byzantine Emp.!)
- wins 2-3 coastal towns and
negotiates peace treaty with
Saladin
- limited success  no Jerusalem!
"His life was one
magnificent parade
which, when ended, left
only an empty plain."
- Winston Churchill of
Richard I
The Middle Ages
-Children’s Crusade
- religious fervor among
young
- belief innocent would
triumph
- some make it to
Marseilles, where they
would be sold into
slavery
Other Crusades
- Fourth Crusade
- Crusaders take city
of Constantinople –
1204 (huh?)
- blow to Byzantine
Empire  never
recover
- Ninth Crusade ends in
1272; last holding of
Europeans lost in 1291
- never retake Jerusalem
The Middle Ages
Crusades Assessed
- Major failure for west – did not
capture and hold Jerusalem
- however…
- trade increased – new products
- new ideas - Renaissance
- re-working the social order
- growth of towns
- weakening of feudalism
- rise of kings/national identity
- Negatives
- crusades against unintended
victims  Jews in Europe
- destruction of Muslim lands
The Middle Ages
Gothic Cathedral
Second expression of man’s
faith
- Artistic & architectural
response
- innovations allow new
constructions
- become center of
towns/villages
- attraction for region 
great economic boost
- God’s palace on earth &
home for bishops
Amiens Cathedral
The Middle Ages
St. Philibert, France
Romanesque
Reims, France
Gothic
The Middle Ages
Interior of a Romanesque
Cathedral
- narrow passages
- large columns
- small windows allow
little light inside
Interior of Gothic
Cathedral
-wider passages
- more ornate and
delicate columns
- more light filtering in
from large windows
- note the vaults and
pointed arch
The Middle Ages
Draw this thing (or
download it!)
- Be sure you can
identify the following:
- choir
- apse
- transept
- nave
- portals (north, south,
west)
- crypt
- ambulatory
The Middle Ages
Windows  Light
- Creates the presence
of God!
- inspirational &
spiritual
Walls of windows – how is
possible?
The Middle Ages
Flying Buttresses!!
- Buttress – support
- Flying Buttress –
connection between
buttress and wall
Flying Buttresses of
Chartres Cathedral,
France
The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages
Bourges Cathedral, France
The Middle Ages
Note the verticality (height)
- Beauvais cathedral reached
a height of 157 feet!
- pointed arch further
emphasized height
- looking at the heavens!
Stained Glass
- introduced colored light
Cologne Cathedral
The Middle Ages
interior & exterior view of rose window
of Strasbourg Cathedral
The Middle Ages
Symbolism
- God, the Creator,
at center
- creation around
Him
- zodiac next level
 order of the
heavens (stars)
- man’s labor
- fall of man in
corners
Western portal – God or Christ
Transept portals - Mary
The Middle Ages
Portals
- Door or entry
- sculpted scenes of the
lives of Jesus, Mary, or
other saints
- also included kings,
bishops, and regular
laborers
The Middle Ages
Middle Ages
Gargoyles
The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages
Finally – third expression
of man’s faith
Scholasticism – intellectual
Learning virtually ceases
after fall of Rome
- Prevailing opinion 
Gregory the Great  “… the
same mouth cannot sing
the praises of Jupiter and
the praises of Christ…”
Faith & Reason cannot coexist
The Middle Ages
St. Thomas Aquinas
Scholasticism  bring faith &
reason together  “living
religiously in a studious manner”
- the difference between medieval
period & early Greek philosophers
 GOD
- medieval scholars truth is not
something discovered
- already existing in Christian and
pagan writings handed down from
antiquity
- use reason & logic to explain
Christian dogma
- work done in schools  hence
scholastics
The Middle Ages
Early scholasticism marked by intense debate
- each side tried to use logic to convince other of
errors
- most famous  nominalist v. realist
- nominalist  things exist as name only; no
universal abstract existence
- realist  things exist in abstract; think of Plato
Peter Abelard – middle position  Conceptualism
– universals, while existing as abstract ideas in the
minds of people, are nevertheless real since they
are the products of observing the similar qualities
that exist in a particular class of things
- e.g., by observing many chairs and sitting in
them, we arrive at the universal concept “chair”
The Middle Ages
Thomas Aquinas
Five Proofs of God
-Motion
- “… A thing moves something
else insofar as it actually
exists, for to move something
is simply to actualize what is
potentially within that thing.
Something can be led thus
from potentiality to actuality
only by something else which is
already actualized… it is
necessary to proceed back to
some prime mover which is
moved by nothing else, and
this is what everyone means
by God.”
The Middle Ages
Efficient Cause
- “…Therefore, if there
be no first cause
among efficient causes,
there will be no
ultimate, or
intermediate, cause.
But if in efficient causes it is possible to go on to
infinity, there will be no first efficient cause,
neither will there be an ultimate effect, nor any
intermediate efficient causes; all of which is plainly
false. Therefore it is necessary to admit a first
efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of
God.”
The Middle Ages
Possibility and Necessity
- “… . If it is possible for every
particular thing not to exist, there must
have been a time when nothing at all
existed. If this were true, however, then
nothing would exist now, for something
that does not exist can begin to do so
only through something that already
exists. If, therefore, there had been a
time when nothing existed, then nothing
could ever have begun to exist, and thus
there would be nothing now…we must to
posit the existence of something which is
necessary and owes its necessity to no
cause outside itself. That is what
everyone calls God.”
The Middle Ages
Gradation
- “That which is
considered greatest in
any genus is the cause of
everything is that genus,
just as fire, the hottest
thing, is the cause of all
hot things, as Aristotle
says. Thus there is
something which is the
cause of being, goodness,
and every other
perfection in all things,
and we call that
something God.”
The Middle Ages
Governance of the Universe
- “Things without knowledge tend toward a goal,
however, only if they are guided in that direction
by some knowing, understanding being, as is the
case with an arrow and archer. Therefore, there is
some intelligent being by whom all natural things
are ordered to their end, and we call this being
God.”