Transcript Search
The Internet Mr. Sutfin Room 837 Unit Topics: The Internet Components of the Internet Effective search techniques Information Literacy Basic HTML Objectives You will be able to demonstrate the following skills: Describe the major events in the development of the Internet Evaluate information found on the WWW Objectives You will be able to identify three types of search tools. You will be able to apply effective search strategies on the World Wide Web. Manipulate images to maximize quality while reducing file size You will be be able to list and describe several aspects of the Internet. You will be able to describe the technology needed to connect to the Internet. You will be able to explain the parts of a URL. You will be able to use web browsers and other Internet tools to access information on the web. Vocabulary hyperlink Internet world wide web URL domain Internet Protocol ftp WYSIWYG html browser ISP dial-up dedicated connection gif jpeg Start-up In your composition book write down 5 things that you know about the Internet. Components of the Internet The Internet I. The Internet. A. Definition-A network of networks connecting a vast number of computers from around the world. Internet Protocols B. 1. 2. Definition- a set of rules that govern the working of the Internet. Examples a) b) http a) Protocol for the WWW b) hypertext transfer protocol c) Rules for the transfer of hypertext files FTP a) file transfer protocol b) Rules for transferring large files The Internet C. Hardware of the Internet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Client Computers a) Computers generally found in homes Server Computers a) Computers used to provide services on the Internet Routers / Hubs / Switches a) Equipment that manages the flow of information around the Internet Wire a) Fiber Optic b) Copper c) Wireless Network device a) Modem:A Modulator/Demodulator (MoDem)that communicates with the network b) NIC Card:Network interface card-communicates with the network Aspects of the Internet World Wide Web- Hypertext based Newsgroups (Usenet)- online discussions File Transfer Protocol-Sharing files on the Internet eMail-text communication between computers Telnet-live text based connection to a computer The Internet http ftp File sharing WWW Usenet Newsgroups eMail Telnet Aspects of the Internet: World Wide Web This is commonly referred to as the Internet however the WWW is only part of the Internet. To access the WWW you must use a browser of some sort. There are many to choose from but the most popular are Netscape and Internet Explorer. The WWW employs a protocol called http or hypertext transfer protocol. Aspects of the Internet: Newsgroups Newsgroups are similar to message boards on the WWW. People are allowed to post messages that discuss a wide range of topics. A discussion group will typically deal with one specific topic. (ex. Filemaker Pro CDML) Newsgroups use a portion of the Internet called Usenet. Aspects of the Internet: File Transfer Protocol A client/server protocol for exchanging files with a host computer. Using a client application, a user logs into a server to add files to the server or retrieve files. Aspects of the Internet: Wide Area Information Services WAIS is a search engine developed for the Internet. It allows one to search the complete text of a document. Aspects of the Internet: Gopher A document retrieval system from the University of Minnesota. Using Gopher, a user can access files from many different computers by looking through hierarchical menus to find specific topics. A document may be text, sound, image, or other type file. A program called Jughead can be used to search for topics found within Gopher files. Gopher sites can now be accessed through the World Wide Web. Aspects of the Internet: Telnet A text based method of connecting to and managing a computer on a network. What is a web Address? What’s in a name? The URL (uniform resource locator) is just a technical word that means the address to a web page on the WWW. A domain name is one example of an URL. (www .yahoo.com) http://www tells the browser that the document is located on a web page .com , .edu , .net and others are the domain extension Examples of Internet Domains http://www.yahoo.com Internet protocol • Internet designation • domain name • domain extension ftp://abcdomain.com Internet Protocol http://www.yahoo.com • Def. a set of rules or standard designed so that computers can exchange information with a minimum of errors. • Examples: http, ftp, telnet, gopher, Internet Designation http://www.yahoo.com Additional information that provides more information about a web address. Example: www Domain Name http://www.yahoo.com This is the specific name that has been registered by an individual or corporation. Examples: sutfin.com Domain Extension http://www.yahoo.com Describes the type of domain. Domain types are typically reserved for specific categories of organizations. Examples include: .com .net .org Major Domain Extensions .com - typically used for commercial companies who offer goods on the Internet or .org - typically reserved for non-profit organizations .net - typically reserved for companies that provide network services .edu - reserved for higher education organizations typically four year universities .gov - reserved for government offices Additional Domain name extensions ae United Arab Emirates ai Anguilla ar Argentine Republic arpa Advanced Projects Research Agency at Austria au Australia be Belgium bg Bulgaria bh Finland bm Bermuda bo Bolivia br Brazil ca Canada ch Switzerland cl Chile cn People's Republic of China co Colombia com Commercial cr Costa Rica cy Cyprus cz Czech Republic de Federal Republic of Germany dk Denmark do Dominican Republic ec Ecuador edu Education ee Estonia eg Arab Republic of Egypt es Spain fi Finland fj Fiji fo Faroe Islands fr France gb Great Britain ge Georgia gl Greenland gov Government gr Greece gu Guam hk Hong Kong (Hisiangkang, Xianggang) hr Croatia / Hrvatska hu Hungary id Indonesia ie Ireland Additional Domain name extensions il in int is it jm jo jp kr kw ky kz lc li lt lu lv Israel India International Iceland Italian Republic Jamaica The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Japan Korea Kuwait Cayman Islands Kazakhstan Saint Lucia Principality of Liechtenstein Lithuania Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Latvia mil Military mo Macau (Ao-me'n) mt Malta mx United Mexican States my Malaysia net Network ni Nicaragua nl Netherlands no Norway nz New Zealand org Organization pa Panama pe Peru ph Philippines pl Poland pt Portuguese Republic ro Romainia ru Russian Federation se Sweden sg Singapore si Slovenia sk Slovakia su Union of Soviet Socialist Republics th Thailand tr Turkey tt Trinidad & Tobago tw Taiwan ua Ukraine ug Uganda uk United Kingdom of Great Britain us United States of America uy Uruguay ve Venezuela za South Africa zm Zambia World Wide Web History The Web I. Accessible to anyone with an Internet connection Content of the web II. A. B. C. D. Text Audio Video Hyperlinks 1. 2. E. Usually blue and underlined Clicking on a hyperlink takes you to information that is associated with the current web page. Multimedia III. Began in 1989 The Web III. Began in 1989 A. Tim Berners-Lee proposed the idea of the web to CERN IV. 1993 A. Web declared open to anyone who would like to use it. Marc Andreessen introduced Mosaic™ B. 1. 2. Mosaic is the first graphical web browser Later became Netscape. How URL’s Work I. URL A. Uniform Resource Locator B. The address for a place on the WWW. C. Uses names instead of numbers ex. www.yahoo.com and not 192.168.123.120 II. User types the address (URL) of a web site into the location area in a browser and presses return. III. The browser then submits the information to your internet service provider (ISP) ie Earthlink or AOL How URL’s Work IV. V. The information reaches a DNS (domain name server) The DNS translates the URL into a corresponding IP address. A. B. VI. VII. IP stands for Internet Protocol IP address is a four part number for a specific computer on the internet. Ex. 12.22.118.3 If there is a corresponding IP then the browser is sent the page that has been requested. If there is no IP that matches then an error is sent to the browser Getting Connected Connection types Dial up Dedicated Service Providers ISPs can be very large corporations or run by a local business Browser There are many to choose from. Each has strengths and weaknesses. Getting Connected: Dial-Up Dial-up:requires a modem to connect to the network through telephone lines. This requires the data signal to be changed to and from analogue. Speeds up to 56kbps Getting Connected: Dedicated Dedicated Connection: directly connected to the network. No need for a phone modem nor telephone company. Speeds up to and beyond 1.5 mbps (1500kbps) Service Providers Def.- A service provider is a company that gives you access to the internet. The money you pay this company allows you to dial-up a connection to the Internet or provides the equipment that you use to connect to the Internet. Earthlink AOL NetZero Browsers Your window to the Internet. Browsers A browser is a program that allows you to view pages on the WWW. It is the program that reads html so that you can view the page. You can think of it as a ‘window’ to the WWW. Netscape Internet Explorer You will find many of the same features here. Instead of bookmarks, you have “Favorites.” There is also a “History” tab that will allow you to see where you have been. Opera AOL NeoPlanet Back Button-Takes you back to the previous page. If you hold your mouse down on the back button you get a list of all the websites you have visited during the current session. Forward Button- The opposite of the back button. Home- What ever home page your service provider defaults to. You can change this. Location- This is where the address or URL is displayed. You can type an address here. Search Button- One way to search, Netscape uses “Excite” as its search engine Reload Button-Clicking this causes the page to reload and show any changes. Holding shift and reload tells the browser to skip the cache and get the newest page on the server. Menu items: File - print, save Edit - copy, paste,search option View - The way things look Go - back, home, all web sites during current session Bookmarks - Add a bookmark, see list of bookmarks, edit bookmarks. Communicator - This will take you to other parts of the program. Help Links When ever you click on something, and the browser takes you somewhere, you have clicked on a link. A link can be a word, a picture, a button, etc. Links can be thought of as connections to associated information. Clicking on a link takes you either to another web page on the same web site, or to another web site altogether. Bookmarks Bookmarks offer a convenient means to retrieve pages whose locations (URLs) you've saved. You store your bookmarks in a list that's saved on your hard disk. Once you add a bookmark to your list, the item stays until you remove it. Searching How do I find it on the World Wide Web? Objectives You will be able to refine a search using specific techniques such as field searches, phrase searches, and boolean terms. You will be able to identify three different types of search tools and utilize them for different searches. Effective Searches on the Internet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify terms about your topic. Select a search tool. Decide on Search Strategies. Evaluate results. Return to step 1 if needed. Three types of search tools. Directory Search Engine Metasearch Engines Three types of search tools: Directory A Subject directory is a site that has a collection of links that were added by people. The site organizes content by subject. Examples: http://www.lii.org/, www.vlib.org/ Types of search tools: Search Engine A ‘true’ search engine is a searchable database of Internet keywords collected by a computer program called a bot or spider. Examples: www.google.com, http://www.altavista.com Three types of search tools: Meta Search A metasearch tool uses directories and true search engines to gather information. This tool will give you more results in searches. Useful for hard to find topics where a large number of results are desired. Examples www.metacrawler.com, www.metaseek.com, www.mamma.com Search Tool Activity:In note book Go to Google.com and perform a search on Abraham Lincoln. Go to lii.org and perform the same search. Go to metacrawler.com and perform the same search Look at the results and identify one difference in each search tool. Search Techniques There are some techniques when using search engines or directories that will make searches more efficient. What many people don’t realize, is that the techniques vary from one search engine to the next. Search Techniques Boolean terms (and, or , not) Phrase (quotes) Field search(allows searches for special fields on a web page) Case sensitivity (apply case as appropriate) Boolean Logic Many (but not all) Search Engines support Boolean Logic... It consists of three logical operators… OR AND NOT OR AND Searches for anything containing either word Searches for sites containing both words NOT Searches for sites containing one of the words but eliminating sites containing the other word Boolean Logic: Examples Type in: College OR University OR Type in: College AND University AND Type in: College NOT University NOT Results: Results: Results: College: 17,320,770 sites College: 17,320,770 sites College: 17,320,770 sites University: 33,685,202 sites University: 33,685,202 sites University: 33,685,202 sites College OR University: 42,566,800 sites College AND University: 2,599 sites College NOT University: 12,600 sites How to Use Boolean Logic I need information about cats: Search: cats OR felines Search: cats felines I’m interested in dyslexia in adults: Search: dyslexia AND adults Search: +dyslexia +adults I’m interested in radiation, but not nuclear radiation: Search: radiation NOT nuclear Search: radiation -nuclear I want to learn about cat behavior: Search: (cats OR felines) AND behavior Search: cats felines +behavior Use of parentheses in the search is know as “forcing the order of processing.” Phrase Searching Using quotation marks around a phrase can narrow down a search. Use quotation marks when the words should stay together in the order you typed them. Examples: Search: “Abraham Lincoln” will find results with the president’s name. If you just search abraham lincoln, you will get results that include any abraham and any lincoln. Search: “math lesson plans” Search: “space shuttle” Some search engines allow ‘natural speech’ questions. Case Sensitivity Searching Many Search Engines are case sensitive. That means that capitalizing a word will command the engine to only look for a proper noun, thus narrowing your search. CAPITALIZATION- Bill, bill, Gates, gates, Digital, digital, Lotus, lotus Field Searching A FIELD is a place on a web site. For example, the title of the site is in a field, the address of the site has a field, a picture has a field, etc. You can search a field if you are looking for something very specific. If you know the name of the web site for example, or if you are just looking for pictures of tigers... Field Searching... In the search box type… title:welcome to Adobe Golive image:tiger anchor:click for HyperStudio stacks An anchor is any command that might be found on a web site. This search will give you all the sites that have this command somewhere on them. This example will enable you to find many HyperStudio stacks. Field Searching... domain:edu Domain is the type of server: Commercial=.com educational=.edu Government=.gov nonprofit=.org host:microsoft.com Link:www.santacruz.k12.ca.us Url:flag Search Technique Strategy:In notebook Perform a phrase search, a field search (title:), and a boolean search(use AND) for Abraham Lincoln List the number of results for each search What note does google give you when you use AND in the search? Information Literacy Addressing a new challenge in society. Why is this important? Provide individuals with the intellectual tools necessary to manage the mass of information that doubles every two years. Allows people to filter out what is important and valuable. Allows people to make informed decisions. Definition: Information Literacy information(noun.)-a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn literacy(noun.)- the ability to read and write. literate(adj.)- able to read and write When educators teach literacy the goal is to get students to read and write. Clarification In reading and writing students take letters and words and transform them into meaning. Information Literacy is the process of evaluating facts to discover their meaning. It also includes the application of facts to make meaning. Evaluating Web Pages:Four Questions to ask. Does the author have the credentials to write about the subject? How important is the currency of the information? Do other web sites, with different domains, support the information? Is the information presented with one point of view? Information Literacy: Evaluation Determining the quality of information. Authority-Who is the author/source? Accuracy-Is the information supported by facts? Objectivity-What is the authors point of view? Currency-What information is date dependent? Evaluation : Authority Credentials Expressed author/author who claims work Access to the author/ ability to verify credentials References to other credible works Why do you trust the creator of the document? Evaluation: Accuracy Conclusions/Points are supported by facts. Facts can be verified by outside resources. Check for clues of questionable work (spelling errors, grammatical errors, and other typographical errors) Can you verify the information? Evaluation : Objectivity Are the authors opinions clear? Acknowledges other points of view. Is there a personal or group agenda behind the document? What other points of view are there on the subject? Evaluation : Currency Information is current as indicated by dates or references to current sources. Are there efforts to keep the content up to date? How much of the content is dependent on the date? When was the document created? Information Literacy: Application The application of this knowledge should occur in all of your significant works. Whenever you are able to provide supporting evidence of a position, your ideas will more easily be accepted in a reflective culture. Opinions and casual debates are frequently offered with little or no supporting evidence and are flawed logically. Information Literacy: Application To be credible you must: Authority-Become educated about the topic. Accuracy-Support your information with facts from a variety of sources. Objectivity-Acknowledge other points of view. Currency-Use the most recent data that you can find. Information Literacy: Application Productively contribute to a body of information. Use information accurately in products. Locates information efficiently Present information with the necessary objectivity. Internet focus While these principles apply to many areas they seem most relative to the internet where good and bad information can be easily found. There are several strategies to collecting and verifying information from the web. Effective Web Page Design Effective Design Rubric Text (20% of grade) Background does not interrupt text Text is large enough to read (but not too big) Page hierarchy is clear Text columns are not too wide. Less than that of a book. http://scholar.coe.uwf.edu/wbi2000/students/aleak e/goodbad/bad.htm Effective Design Rubric Navigation (20% of grade) Navigation is apparent and easy to use. The use of frames enhances content. They are not obtrusive. There exists an index for large sites Navigation lets the user know where they are on the site Example: http://www.artcenter.edu/ Effective Design Rubric Links (10% of grade) Link colors coordinate with page colors Links are clear to visitors. (underlined, usually blue) http://scholar.coe.uwf.edu/wbi2000/students/aleak e/goodbad/bad.htm Effective Design Rubric Graphics (25% of grade) Buttons are appropriate for the page. Graphics have and alt label every graphic has a matching text link. Graphics and backgrounds use browser safe colors Animated graphics turn off by themselves http://scholar.coe.uwf.edu/wbi2000/students/aleake/good bad/bad.htm Effective Design Rubric General Design (25% of grade) Pages download quickly home page fits into 17 inch screen (800x600) All other pages have the important information in 800 x 600 pixel screen graphics elements are well used to keep content interesting. There exists consistency in page design. All pages look like they belong to the same site. Types of web pages Personal web pages Scholarly works Professional pages Reading Assignment Read and outline the short article “How the world Wide Web Works”. ( in the same packet) You should be able to draw a diagram that represents the user, ISP,Regional ISP, National ISP’s, DNS, and destination server. Accompanying the diagram should be a description of the events that occur when someone enters a URL into a browser.This should be done in 15 minutes. Objective You should be able to identify 10 people, organizations, and/or technologies that have been developed between 1945 and 2000 and place them in a timeline. Quiz Draw a diagram that represents the user, ISP,Regional ISP, National ISP’s, DNS, and destination server. Accompanying the diagram should be a description of the events that occur when someone enters a URL into a browser.This should be done in 15 minutes. Reading Assignment:Jig Saw Read and take notes on the article “Untangling the Web” I will expect you to create to scale a timeline with a piece of paper and pencil from 1945 until 2000 that details the people, organizations, and technology that have been developed in that time. You should also be able to clearly explain the difference between the Internet and the WWW.