Transcript Lecture: 04 - Origins of Interactive Media

04: Origins of Interactive Media
and the Internet
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHEN DID THIS ALL BEGIN?
Introduction to Interactive Media
A new field…
• First interactive kiosk in 1977
• World Wide Web was not
invented until 1991
Introduction to Interactive Media
Interactive Media is tied
to the Internet
• Some interactive digital media does not run
on the Internet (standalone museum kiosks,
video games)
• This is becoming less common as Internet
connectivity is more pervasive, speeds
increase and applications take advantage of
networking possibilities.
• The Internet is the NETWORK that delivers a
great deal of interactive content.
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE INTERNET
AND THE WEB?
Introduction to Interactive Media
The Internet is not the Web.
• The Internet is a network and the Web
is an application running on it.
• However, the Web did play a large role
in the surge of Internet usage.
Introduction to Interactive Media
WE ARE GETTING AHEAD OF
OURSELVES…WHEN DID IT
ALL BEGIN
Introduction to Interactive Media
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
• “Father of the modern
computer”
• British mathematician.
• “if we can think of a way
to do something, the
computer can do it for
us.”
• Proposed a “Turing
Machine”
Introduction to Interactive Media
Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974)
• “Father of interactive media.”
• Proposed the Memex, a
machine that would allow a
research to record “trails of
interest” connecting one
document to another via a
series of links.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539c
K58ees
Introduction to Interactive Media
J.C.R. Licklider, a.k.a “Lick”
• A fundamental pioneer in the
call for a global network
• Articulated ideas in 1960 paper,
Man-Computer Symbiosis
– “A network of such [computers], connected to one another
by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the
functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated
advances in information storage and retrieval and [other]
symbiotic functions.” – J.C.R. Licklider
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi
97PlMeal4 (2:05 – 3:30)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Ted Nelson
• American philosopher and pioneer
of Internet technology.
• Described a system “Project
Xanadu” in 1974 – very much like
the WWW.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vmZTQloseo
&feature=relmfu
(6:32 – 7:07)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYn64fIbtiU&
feature=plcp (7:55 – 8:43)
Introduction to Interactive Media
THESE WERE ALL THEORISTS
– WHO ACTUALLY BUILT THE
INTERNET?
Introduction to Interactive Media
The Internet began in the 60s
• In the 1960s mainframe
computers were only used
at research institutions
and government.
• Big, expensive and
couldn’t do much.
• “Timesharing” was
required – people shared
time on the computer
system.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Invention of the Internet
• Started as a government project funded by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA)
• Bob Taylor worked for DARPA at the Pentagon and
secured the funds
• Motivation was to connect computers at research
universities to be able to share time on each other’s
computers.
• Called it the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (3:30
– 5:25, 6:45 – 7:07)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Government had the money…
but who would build it?
• U.S. Gov put out a RFP (request for
proposals) to build the Arpanet.
• BBN (Boston, MA based company) won
the contract
• “We could build it buy why would you
want it?”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe
ature=relmfu (2:46 – 4:26)
Introduction to Interactive Media
How did it work?
• First two computers networked were
UCLA and Stanford.
• They did this by sending data across
telephone lines.
• Data was sent in packets using a
technique called “packet switching”.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&fe
ature=relmfu (4:55 -9:16)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Internet Built… But Not Used
• Universities connected… but very little
usage.
• Hard to work on other people’s systems
(different types of computers, OS,
applications, etc…)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Email: the killer app
• Email invented by a BB&N employee
named Ray Tomlinson.
– “just a hack”
• What happened to Internet traffic?
• The Internet began to thrive when it
realized it’s potential as a
communication medium.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe
ature=relmfu (6:31 – 8:33)
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHEN DID REGULAR PEOPLE
GET TO USE THE INTERNET?
Introduction to Interactive Media
Networks Needed to Be
Connected
• After the ARPANET was started – other
networks sprouted up.
• Protocols needed to be established to
allow computers on different networks
to communicate with one another.
• Solution: TCP/IP
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&fe
ature=relmfu (4:06 – 6:34)
Introduction to Interactive Media
1980s – Personal Computer
• In the 1980s - Internet
usage was limited.
• First personal computers
started emerging in the
late 1970s.
• Modems commercially
available.
• Command line interface
was difficult to use.
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHY DID THE PERSONAL
COMPUTER BECOME MORE
POPULAR IN THE 1980S?
Introduction to Interactive Media
Invention of GUI
• Operating a computer with a graphical user interface (GUI)
was much easier because all the user had to do was point
and click and not memorize a bunch of commands.
Command line interface
GUI interface
Introduction to Interactive Media
GUI invented at Xerox PARC
• Xerox PARC was a research
arm of Xerox Corp.
• Mouse invented by Douglas
Englebart at Xerox PARC in
1967.
– Englebart was inspired by
Vannevar Bush
• Englebart never received
royalties for his invention.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Xerox PARC did not Sell Tech
• Steve Jobs licensed the GUI / Mouse
technology from Xerox PARC (for
$40,000)
• Not the only time Xerox PARC failed to
capitalize on inventions.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Apple: an OS with a GUI
• Apple LISA – 1983 - 1st computer with GUI
(did not sell well)
• Apple’s Macintosh introduced in 1984.
– Had a Graphical User interface (GUI) and a “mouse.”
• A GUI OS made computers much easier to
use because instead of having to know the
commands to run a program, the user could
simply click on what they wanted.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nz8WD6vJg&feature=fvst
Introduction to Interactive Media
Microsoft embraces a GUI OS
• Success of the
Macintosh
prompted
Microsoft to
introduce
“Windows” a
GUI OS for
PCs.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Innovations in Networking
Helped Grow the Internet
• The ability to network computers together to
share resources also spurred on the growth
of the Internet.
– LANS – local area networks
– WANS – wide area networks
Introduction to Interactive Media
LANs: Hardware
• Hardware
– The Ethernet standard for networking was another
technology invented at Xerox PARC – but taken
by it’s creator (Bob Metcalf) and launched via a
new company (3COM).
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNAOuscNwf0&f
eature=relmfu (4:30 – 7:00)
Introduction to Interactive Media
LANs: Software
• Software
– Microsoft was left in the dust by Novell in the
development of LAN software.
– Motivated tried to buy Novell then partner with
3COM and develop Microsoft OS2 LAN Manager
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENOjfjUVYQw&
feature=relmfu (1:06 – 5:58)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaCFHuVZAU0
&feature=relmfu (:35 - 5:08)
Introduction to Interactive Media
WANs
• How do you network different networks
together?
• Hardware needed to be developed:
bridges and routers
• Created by Len and Sandy Bosack
(Stanford professors)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOldgIq3GXo&feat
ure=relmfu (45:21 – 50:25)
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHY DID THE INTERNET
EXPERIENCE EXPLOSIVE
GROWTH IN THE 1990S?
Introduction to Interactive Media
Internet Growth in the 1990s
• Greater availability of personal
computers
• Personal computers easier to use
• Better modem technology
• Biggest Factor: Invention of WWW
Introduction to Interactive Media
WWW Invented in 1991
• WWW invented by Tim Berners Lee at the CERN Lab
in Switzerland.
• He was trying to devise a way that researchers could
publish their findings, make the immediately available
for other people to view and easily publish/update
information.
• He created the first browser .
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea
ture=relmfu (3:54 – 6:29)
Introduction to Interactive Media
The dot.com boom
• In 1995 congress repealed the law the
prohibited buying and selling over the
Internet. As a result, in the late 1990s
we saw an explosion of ecommerce
sites emerge.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSyp
wSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (11:15 –
12:29)
Introduction to Interactive Media
WWW like the Macintosh?
• The growth of internet usage after the
introduction of the WWW is analogous
to the growth in popularity of the Apple
Macintosh
• A GUI made both the personal
computer and the Internet much easier
to use.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea
ture=relmfu (12:32 – 13:13)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Invention of Browser
• Marc Andresen, a U. of Illinois college
student invented a browser on his own
(called Mosaic).
• It became very popular. (became
Netscape).
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea
ture=relmfu (13:13 -18:44)
Introduction to Interactive Media
Netscape vs. Internet Explorer
• Microsoft wanted to capture some of the
business that Netscape was cornering with
their browser.
• Microsoft introduces Internet Explorer and
gives it away with their operating system.
• This hurt Netscape’s bottom line.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&fea
ture=relmfu (49:52 - 54:13)
Introduction to Interactive Media
HOW HAS INTERACTIVE
DIGITAL MEDIA EVOLVED IN
THE 2000S AND BEYOND?
Introduction to Interactive Media
Adaptive Web Sites
• Web sites
became less
static and
more dynamic
– adapting to
the user.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Content Management
Systems
• Web site owners want ability to manage
their own content.
• Different content management systems
emerge.
– Adobe Contribute (software)
– CMS architectures
• Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal
• Custom solutions
Introduction to Interactive Media
Web 2.0
• Signifies a new way we are using the
Web
• Collaborative systems: blogs, wikis, online reviews, etc…
• Everyone is becoming increasingly
more of a content creator.
Introduction to Interactive Media
Birth of Social Media
•
•
•
•
MySpace founded in 2003.
Wordpress founded in 2003.
Facebook founded in 2004.
Twitter founded in 2006.
Introduction to Interactive Media
New Hardware for
Experiencing Web
• 2001 - 1st Smartphone: Palm Kyocera
6035.
• 2000s – Microsoft Tablet PC – not
successful
• 2010 – Birth of iPad.
• Emergence of smartphones and tablets
create new challenges for web
developers.
Introduction to Interactive Media
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE
INTERNET?
Introduction to Interactive Media