Transcript AME 150 L - Engineering Class Home Pages

AME 150 L
Moore’s Law
The USC Computing Environment
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Moore’s Law
Moore's Law is that the pace of microchip
technology change is such that the amount of data
storage that a microchip can hold doubles every year
or at least every 18 months. In 1965 when preparing
a talk, Gordon Moore noticed that up to that time
microchip capacity seemed to double each year. The
pace of change having slowed down a bit over the
past few years, the definition has changed (with
Gordon Moore's approval) to reflect that the
doubling occurs only every 18 months.
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Moore’s Law (Consequences)
• Price of equivalent technology decreases
• Performance of constant cost technology
increases
• More computing power is available for
user interface
• More storage capacity increases problem
sizes
• And there’s moore …
•3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Control of Computers
• Native Machine Language
– Close to hardware -- depends on architecture
– Can take advantage of system’s features
– Often, the fastest implementation
• Low level Compilers
– Fortran (1950’s, Basic/COBOL (60’s), C (70’s)
– Algol, Pascal, ADA, Smalltalk, C++ (OOPS)
• Primitive Structured Object Oriented
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Computing Environment &
History
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
40s-50s-Patch Cables
50s-60s-Punch cards
60s-70s-timeshared mainframes
70s-80s-minicomputers & supercomputers
80s-90s-microcomputers & parallel systems
90s+ … Graphic user interface (GUI)
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet (1)
• The Internet is a “network of networks”
• USCnet follows IP (internet protocols)
• Internet is organized by domains
– .edu, .mil, .gov, .org, .net and .com
– Domains and name-servers translate letters to a
32 bit IP address dd.dd.dd.dd
– usc.edu is 128.125.dd.dd
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet (2)
• IP is old, but not unique
• IP is a “internets of peers”
– No ruler or boss (all stations can be equals)
– Early nets all between universities
• Bitnet - organized by IBM -- mainly mainframes
• DECnet - by Digital equipment
• uunet -- between unix systems
– ARPAnet and ERnet were early sponsors
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet (3)
• Internet is Scalable (others weren’t)
– BITnet and DECnet required every system to
have a table of every other system
– uunet required you to know your neighbors, but
made it hard to navigate
• Networks have topology
– IP is independent of topology and medium
– Standards organizations, only address control
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet Gods
Commercial
.com
Government
.gov
Military
.mil
Non-profit
.org
Network
.net
Education
.edu
USA
.us
Other nations
USC
usc.edu
Spock
spock.usc.edu
3 - 1/14/2000
Kirk
kirk.usc.edu
California
.ca.us
Glendale
glendale.ca.us
AME 150 L
Burbank
burbank.ca.us
Internet Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TELNET - connect to a remote computer
FTP - file transfer protocol
e-mail - mail transfer and news
IRC - internet relay chat
NTP -- netdate - synchronize clocks
UDP -- user datagram protocols
ICMP - Internet control message protocol
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet Services at USC
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Internet Services at USC (2)
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
World Wide Web
• Of course there is a web-site
• It all started at CERN (European Nuclear
Research Agency)
• Use of HTML (HyperText Markup
Language) by NCSA (National Center for
Supercomputer Applications) for
documentation & reports -- NCSA Mosaic
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
Role of NSF
• NSF (National Science Foundation) took
oversight of Internet in 1985 to foster
research cooperation, and access to national
Supercomputer centers
• NSF sponsored Mosaic development
• NCSA licenses Mosaic to Spyglass (&
Microsoft) and author forms Netscape
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L
USC and the Internet
• ISI (Information Sciences Institute) was
home to many internet support operations
– John Postel
• Domain Name Registrations
• RFC (Request For Comments) - standards
– USC Engineering in ARPAnet in 1971
• USCnet based on Internet in detail in 1987
3 - 1/14/2000
AME 150 L