Transcript Presentation - Online Veterinary Anatomy Museum

Digestion Quiz
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Approved by: Gawain Hammond & Maureen Bain
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Digestion Quiz
START!
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Choose a Region…
• The jaws and teeth
• Oesophagus
• Abdominal Gastro-Intestinal Tract
(Note: See Respiration for Hyoid bones)
I want to view the….
• Mandible and Maxilla
• Teeth
• Comparitive Mandibles & TMJ’s
• Comparitive Teeth
Comparative Mandible & TMJ’s
Feline Mandible
Coronoid
Bovine Mandible
Condylar
Angular
TMJ
Equine Skull, Lateral
Feline Skull, Lateral
Page 2 >
Comparative Mandible/Maxilla
Feline Maxilla
Palatine
Fissure
< Page 1
Feline Mandible
Vomer
Symphysis
Choose a Region
Comparative Teeth 1
Ovine Skull, Lateral
Equine Mandible &
Maxilla, D/V
Ruminant Dental Formula:
0-0-3-3
3-1-3-3
Feline Skull, Lateral
Feline Dental Formula:
Equine Dental Formula:
3-1-3-1
3-1-2-1
3-1-3(4)-3
3-1-3-3
Page 2 >
Comparative Teeth 2
Here it is seen that the roots of
the equine cheek teeth are
embedded in the Maxillary
Sinus. The sinus gets larger as
the horse ages and the teeth
continually erupt.
Equine Maxilla, Lateral
Maxillary Sinus
This arrangement can cause
problems as dental disease
may pass through the sinus
into the respiratory tract. By
entering the sinus surgically
the roots of the teeth may be
accessed and the infected
tooth can be removed.
Cheek tooth roots
<Page 1
Choose a Region
Mandible
&
Maxilla
Part 2
What is structure A?
•Body of Mandible
•Coronoid Process
•Condylar Process
Canine Mandible, Lateral
What is structure B?
•Coronoid Process
•Angular Process
•Condylar Process
What is structure C?
•Coronoid Process
•Angular Process
•Condylar Process
Do you know what the orange line D
represents?
•Answer
A
B
C
Canine Mandible, Dorso-Ventral
D
Mandibular Symphysis
• This is the Mandibular
Symphysis. It is the
joining point between
the two halves of the
Mandible. It may
appear more fused in
older animals.
• Back to Choose a Region
 Incorrect 
• No, this is not the
body of the mandible.
• The body is the
horizontal part
extending rostrally:
Try Again!
 Incorrect 
• No, this is not the
Condylar Process.
• Here is an example of the
Condylar Process:
Try Again!
 Correct! 
• Yes! A is the Coronoid
Process of the mandible.
• Here is another example:
• Try part B
 Incorrect 
• No, this is not the
Coronoid Process.
• Here is an example of the
Coronoid Process:
Try Again!
 Incorrect 
• No, this is not the Angular
Process.
• Here is an example of the
Angular Process:
Try Again!
 Correct! 
• Yes! B is the Condylar
Process of the mandible.
• Here is another example:
• Try part C
 Correct! 
• Yes! C is the Angular
Process of the mandible.
• Here is another example:
• Try part D
Mandible & Maxilla Part 1
a) Is the top radiograph of a
Mandible or Maxilla?
•Mandible
•Maxilla
b) Do you know which joint is
shown in the blue circle on the
bottom radiograph?
•Answer
 Incorrect 
• No, this is not the
Mandible! It forms the
bottom part of the jaws.
• Here is the Mandible:
Try Again!
 Correct! 
• Yes! This is the Maxilla. It
can be recognised by the
presence of the Palatine
Fissure and Vomer:
• Try part b)
Temporo-Mandibular Joint
This is the Temporo-Mandibular
Joint. It is the joint connecting the
Mandible to the Maxilla and the rest
of the skull. It is formed by the
Condylar Process and the
Mandibular Fossa of the Skull.
Here is another example:
Now try Mandible & Maxilla part 2
Teeth
a) Can you identify the roots, pulp
cavity, dentine & enamel on the top
radiograph?
•Answers
b) On the bottom radiograph, which
teeth are incisors, which are canines
and which are premolars & molars?
What is the complete dental formula
of the dog?
•Answers
Teeth
Pulp Cavity
Enamel
Dentine
Root
Now try part b)
Teeth
Canine (1)
Premolars (4)
Incisors (3)
Molars (3)
Complete dental formula: 3-1-4-2
3-1-4-3
Back to Choose a Region
Oesophagus
Which is the Oesophagus, A or
B?
B
•A
•B
A
 Correct! 
Yes! B is the Oesophagus! It
lies dorsal to the Trachea in the
neck.
It is not normally easy to see
on radiographs as it is not rigid
and is collapsed:
In the example, it has had
contrast introduced.
(6 is a small volume of gas in the oesophagus.
The rest of its length cannot be seen)
Back to Choose a Region
 Incorrect 
No! A is the Trachea. It is black
on radiographs as it is rigid and
gas filled. It lies ventral to the
Oesophagus.
Here is another example:
Try Again!
(6 is a small volume of gas in the oesophagus.
The rest of its length cannot be seen)
Abdominal GIT
I want to view the:
• Liver
• Spleen
• Stomach and Duodenum
• Jejunum and Ileum
• Caecum, Colon and Rectum
Choose a Region
Liver 1
a) The position of the Liver has been
highlighted in the top radiograph by
injecting contrast into the venous
system. What limits the extent of the
liver cranially (red arrows)?
•Lungs
•Stomach
•Diaphragm
b) Contrast has been introduced into
certain blood vessels on the bottom
radiograph. Which vessels are
shown?
•Answers
Liver Veins
Portal Vein
Portal Vein
Abdominal Veins (Mesenteric etc.)
The radiograph shows the abdominal veins supplying the Portal Vein. The second
radiograph, above, shows how the lobes of the liver are heavily vascularised by the
branches of the Portal Vein.
Now try Liver 2
 Incorrect 
No, the lungs themselves do not limit the extent of
the Liver. They are located in the thoracic cavity,
they do not come into direct contact with the Liver
in the Abdominal Cavity.
Try Again!
 Incorrect 
No, the stomach does not limit the cranial extent
of the Liver. The stomach lies caudal to the liver
and may affect its extent in that direction.
Try Again!
 Correct! 
• Yes! The red arrows point to
the diaphragm. The liver lies
pressed against the diaphragm
and takes on its shape in situ.
• This can be seen in this feline
example where air has entered
the peritoneum and shows the
outline of the liver:
Try part b)
Liver 2
a) The bile duct of this liver has
been injected with contrast. What
is A?
• Gall Bladder
• Spleen
• Stomach
A
 Correct! 
• Yes! A is the Gall Bladder. It
fills with bile collected from the
lobes of the liver. It sits
between the Quadrate and
Right Medial lobes.
• Here is an example in an
isolated liver:
• Can you name the other
lobes?
Back to Abdominal GIT
 Incorrect 
No! A is not the Spleen. The
Spleen is not connected to the
Bile duct, is larger and located
more caudally than A.
Here is an example (labeled):
Try Again!
 Incorrect 
No! A is not the Stomach. The
Stomach is not connected to
the Bile duct, is larger and
located more caudally than A.
Here is an example (with
contrast):
Try Again!
Spleen
Do you know where in the abdomen the spleen is
located?
•Answer
Spleen location
Here is the location of the spleen. It is located on the left
side of the abdomen and lies along the greater curvature
of the stomach. As it is connected to the stomach by the
gastrosplenic ligament, its exact position depends on the
stomach.
Back to Abdominal GIT page
Stomach & Duodenum
a) Can you name the
regions of the stomach
labelled A, B, C & D?
Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast
Right
What types of glands are
present in these regions?
D
•Answers
C
b) Where is the Duodenum?
What side of the abdomen is
it on? What are its regions?
A
B
•Answers
Cd.
Left
Click here for lateral and Feline views of
the stomach
Cr.
Lateral & Feline Stomach
Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast
Cd.
Feline Stomach
Cr.
Feline Stomach
Back to Stomach & Duodenum
Regions of the Stomach
A = Cardia (Oesophagus
enters. Has mucous
secreting Cardiac glands)
B = Fundus (Has HCl
secreting Parietal cells and
pepsin secreting Chief cells.
Also endocrine cells
secreting Gastrin)
C = Body (Has HCl
secreting Parietal cells and
pepsin secreting Chief cells.
Also endocrine cells
secreting Gastrin)
D = Pylorus (Has mucous
cells and endocrine glands
which secrete Gastrin.
Duodenum begins here)
Pylorus
Body
Cardia
Fundus
Cd.
Cr.
Try part b)
The Duodenum
Here is the Duodenum. It
leaves the stomach on the
right side of the abdomen,
descends caudally, turns
back on itself, then ascends
cranially a short distance.
Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast
After this, it becomes the
Jejunum.
Right
Descending Duodenum
Cranial Flexure
Ascending Duodenum
Caudal Flexure
Left
Back to GIT page
Jejunum & Ileum
The radiograph shows the loops of
Jejunum in the circled area. The
Ileum is also located in this area but
cannot be distinguished from the
Jejunum.
Some of the loops have a black
appearance, why is this? Is this
normal?
•Answer
Jejunum & Ileum Answer
•The Jejunum has a black
appearance in some places as
contains a small amount of gas (gas
does not absorb x-rays so the film
behind gas-filled structures is
maximally exposed).
•A small amount of gas is normal in
the jejunum but excessive gas build
up is not; this may cause digestive
problems and can be painful for the
animal.
Normal
An example of excessive gas in the
jejunum and ileum is shown here:
Back to Abdominal GIT page
Abnormal
Large Intestine 1
This is a radiograph of a canine
abdomen; can you identify the Large
Intestine?
Also try to identify the other regions
of the digestive tract.
•Answers
Large Intestine 1 Answers
Large Intestine
Stomach
Small Intestine
The area in the red circle is the large intestine. It is identifiable by the faecal
balls present in the colon. It lies dorsal to the Small Intestine (duodenum,
jejunum & ileum).
The green arrow points to the stomach. Note that it is distended and gas
filled; this is not it’s normal appearance!!
Now try Large Intestine 2
Large Intestine 2
Cr.
a) This is a dorso-ventral radiograph
of a canine Large Intestine filled with
contrast. The letters A-D identify the
regions of the colon, can you name
them? What would the colon look
like in a lateral view?
B
A
C
•Answers
b) What is the organ in the orange
circle?
•Stomach
•Urinary Bladder
•Caecum
D
Cd.
Large Intestine 2 Colon answers
Here are the regions of the Colon
with labels.
The image below is a lateral view of
the same dog. The regions of the
colon cannot be distinguished as
they are superimposed on one
another.
Cr.
Transverse Colon
Ascending
Colon
Try part b)
Anus
Colon
Descending Colon
Anus
Cd.
 Incorrect 
No, this is not the stomach!
The stomach is much larger
than this and located more
cranially, as seen in this
radiograph:
Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast
Try again!
Cd.
Cr.
 Incorrect 
No, this is not the urinary
Bladder! It is located just
cranial to the pelvis:
Also, contrast has been
introduced to the lower
digestive tract; it would not
enter the bladder from here!
Try again!
 Correct! 
Yes! This is the Caecum. It
is a blind ending pouch
found at the junction
between the ileum and
colon. It lies on the right side
of the abdomen.
It is smaller in the dog than
in herbivorous species,
especially hindgut
fermenters such as the
horse.
Back to Abdominal GIT page