Transcript Document
Chapter 1 Introduction CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 1 Definition • Application of science to criminal and civil laws • Application of science to those criminal and civil laws • Enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 2 History and Development of Forensic Science Important Names CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 3 History • Mathieu Orfila—the father of forensic toxicology. • Alphonse Bertillion—devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879. • Francis Galton—conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 4 History • Leone Lattes—developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains. • Calvin Goddard—used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet. • Albert Osborn—developed the fundamental principles of document examination. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 5 Figure 1–1 Bertillon’s system of bodily measurements as used for the identification of an individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C., www.sirchie.com. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 6 History • Walter McCrone—utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. • Hans Gross—wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 7 History • Edmond Locard—incorporared Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory. • Locard’s Exchange Principle—states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 8 The Crime Lab • Rapid growth • Lack of national and regional planning and coordination. • Approximately 350 public crime laboratories CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1- 9 The Crime Lab • Result of: – Supreme court decisions in the 1960s • Greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence – Drug specimens • Accelerated drug abuse – DNA profiling CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-10 Employment Outlook • Increased reliance by police agencies on civilian personnel • Highly-sophisticated scientific analysis of evidence • DNA databank of convicted offenders (state & national) • Re-opening of old cases CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-11 Crime Lab Organization CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-12 Five Basic Services – Physical science unit: • Chemistry • Physics • Geology • Identify and compare physical evidence – Biology unit: • Blood samples • Body fluids • Hair • Fiber samples CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-13 Five Basic Services – Firearms Unit: • Discharged bullets • Cartridge cases • Shotgun shells • Ammunition – Document unit: • Handwriting analysis • Other questioned-document CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-14 Technical Support – Photographic Unit: • Specialized photographic techniques • Record and examine physical evidence – Optional services • • • • • Toxicology Fingerprint analysis Voiceprint analysis Evidence collection Polygraph administration CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-15 Functions of the Forensic Scientist CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-16 Job Activities: analysis • Biological and physical analysis of evidence gathered from a crime or accident scene • Judicial “generally accepted” (Frye v. US) • Trial judge as gatekeeper CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-17 Job Activities: testimony • • • • • Court testimony “Expert” witness Evaluation of evidence Opinion offered No absolute certainty CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-18 The Frye Standard • Set guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom • Must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-19 Daubert Criteria • • • • • Technique/theory tested Peer reviewed Rate of error Standards for operation Widespread acceptance within scientific community CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-20 Job Activities: training • Training in recognition, collection and preservation of evidence • Agencies without 24/7 evidence techs • Officers trained CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-21 Special Forensic Science Services CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-22 Additional Specialization • DNA analysis – Human – Non human • Criminalistics • Latent prints • Pollen • Arson • Engineering sciences CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein • Physical anthropology • Psychiatry • Pathology • Odontology • Toxicology • Entomology • Geology • Jurisprudence PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-23 Figure 1–8 Typical blowfly life cycle from egg deposition to adult fly emergence. This cycle is representative of any one of the nearly ninety species of blowflies in North America. Courtesy E. P. Catts, Ph.D., deceased, and Neal H. Haskell, Ph.D., forensic entomology consultant www.forensic-entomology.com. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-24 Forensic Pathology • Investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths • Medical examiners or coroners • Determines cause of death • Conducts autopsy CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-25 Stages Of Death • Rigor mortis – Shortening of muscle tissue – Stiffening of body parts in the position at death – First 24 hours to 36 hours post mortem CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-26 Stages Of Death – Livor mortis • Settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground • Begins immediately on death and continues up to 12 hours CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-27 Stages Of Death – Algor mortis • Loss of heat by a body • Begins about an hour after death • Loses heat by 1 to 1-1/2 degrees fahrenheit per hour until the body reaches the environmental temperature CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-28 Summary CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1-29